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Pathology 2 > Alimentary 2 > Flashcards

Alimentary 2 Flashcards

0
Q

In what species do you most commonly seen PRAA?

A

Dogs

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1
Q

What is one cause of congenital megaesophagus?

A

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

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2
Q

Which side does the aorta arise from in a normally developing dog?

A

Left

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3
Q

T/F: A fetus has both a right and left aorta.

A

True

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4
Q

With PRAA, do you see dilatation cranial or caudal to the heart?

A

Cranial

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5
Q

What are some clinical signs of PRAA?

A

Animals lose weight, regurgitate meals.

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6
Q

What is a common cause of death with PRAA?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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7
Q

What constricts down on the esophagus with PRAA?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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8
Q

What does the ligamentum arteriosum arise from?

A

Remains of ductus arteriosis.

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9
Q

Secondary (acquired) megaesophagus is most common in what species?

A

Dogs

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10
Q

What are two possible causes of secondary megaesophagus?

A

Idiopathic and myasthenia gravis

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11
Q

Is choke seen primarily in small or large animals?

A

Large animals

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12
Q

Where is a common location for choke to occur?

A

Dorsal to the larynx.

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13
Q

What can choke produce?

A

Compression necrosis

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14
Q

Linear areas of ulceration can be seen in what condition in horses?

A

Reflux-esophagitis

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15
Q

Erosive-ulcerative esophagitis can be seen in cattle with what disease?

A

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

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16
Q

Parasitic esophagitis can be caused by what parasite in dogs?

A

Spirocerca lupi

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17
Q

Parasitic (chronic granulomatous) esophagitis can occasionally lead to the neoplastic formation of what?

A

Sarcomatous lesions (mainly osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas)

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18
Q

What is ruminal tympany/bloat?

A

Over-distention of the rumen and reticulum by gases produced during fermentation.

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19
Q

Primary ruminal tympany/bloat is often associated with what?

A

New diets that promote the formation of stable foam.

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20
Q

Secondary ruminal tympany/bloat is caused by what?

What are 3 examples?

A

Physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus resulting in failure to eructate.

  • Vagus indigestion
  • Esophageal papillomas
  • Lymphosarcomas
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21
Q

What is a common sign of ruminal tympany/bloat?

A

Distended left paralumbar fossa

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22
Q

Low rumen pH is indicative of primary or secondary bloat?

A

Primary

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23
Q

What is the most reliable post-mortem indicator of ante-mortem bloat?

A

Bloat line

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24
Q

Where is the bloat line commonly seen?

A

Thoracic inlet

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25
Q

Traumatic reticulitis in cattle is caused by what?

What is another name for it?

A
  • Foreign bodies

- Hardware disease

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26
Q

What are some clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

Reluctant to walk, lean forward, lay down and tend to cough.

27
Q

What are 2 conditions traumatic reticuloperitonitis can lead to?

A

Vagus indigestion and ruminal atony

28
Q

What are 2 possible complications of Hardware disease?

A

Chronic pericarditis and epicarditis

29
Q

What is a cause of chemical rumenitis in cattle?

A

Lactic acidosis caused by grain overload.

30
Q

What causes the chronic areas of ulceration seen with mycotic rumenitis?

A

Proliferation of fungus and bacteria

31
Q

T/F: Gastric dilation-volvulus is a life-threatening condition.

A

True

32
Q

In what 2 species is gastric dilation-volvulus most commonly seen?

A

Large deep-chested dogs and sows

33
Q

What are some clinical signs of gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs?

A

Progressive abdominal distention, non-productive retching, hypersalivation and restlessness.

34
Q

When is gastric dilation-volvulus commonly seen in sows?

A

After excessive intake of food and water followed by physical activity in a competitive group situation.

35
Q

What other organ is often involved in gastric dilation-volvulus?

A

Spleen

36
Q

Abomasal displacement occurs most commonly in which 2 groups of cattle?

A

Post-parturient dairy cows and calves

37
Q

Which type of abomasal displacement is more common, right-sided or left-sided?

A

Left-sided

38
Q

Is left-sided abomasal displacement generally fatal or non-fatal?

A

Non-fatal

39
Q

Is the abomasum located more to the left or right of then abdominal cavity?

A

Right

40
Q

What is a common problem associated with left-sided abomasal displacement?

A

Partial obstruction of abomasal flow.

41
Q

What percentage of abomasal displacements are right-sided?

A

About 15%

42
Q

What percentage of right-sided abomasal displacements result in abomasal volvulus?

A

20%

43
Q

What are 6 clinical signs associated with abomasal displacement?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Elevated heart rate
  • Anorexia
  • Dehydration
  • Depressed peristalsis with lack of feces
  • Abomasal tympany (high-pitch ping elicited by percussion)
44
Q

Most cases of gastric rupture in horses are due to what?

A

Intestinal obstructions

45
Q

Hemorrhage at the site of a gastric rupture indicates that the rupture occurred pre-mortem or post-mortem?

A

Pre-mortem

46
Q

What species are gastric ulcers especially common in?

A

Pigs

47
Q

What can lead to gastric ulcers in pigs?

A

Pigs being fed finely ground rations or a high wheat component.

48
Q

What can cause gastric ulcerations in horses?

How?

A
  • NSAIDS
  • By inhibiting COX which decreases prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins have a protective role in stomach secretions.
49
Q

Most gastric ulcers in dogs and cats are produced by what?

A

Idiopathic

50
Q

Cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs may lead to what?

How?

A
  • Gastric ulceration
  • By releasing histamines into the blood which bind to receptors of parietal cells in the stomach, increasing HCl secretion.
51
Q

T/F: Perforated gastro-duodenal ulcers only occur in dogs with multiple mast cell tumors.

A

False - May occur in dogs with a solitary cutaneous mast cell tumor.

52
Q

What 2 conditions can be seen in pigs, and occasionally ruminants and horses, secondary to endotoxemia or bacterial sepsis?

A

Thrombosis and hemorrhage (gastric venous infarction)

53
Q

What mineral do you use Von-Kassa stain for?

A

Calcium

54
Q

What bacteria causes Braxy (Bradsot)?

What condition can it cause?

A
  • Clostridium septicum

- Abomasitis

55
Q

Necro-hemorrhagic abomasitis with submucosal emphysema in lambs is diagnostic for what disease?

A

Braxy (Bradsot)

56
Q

Mycotic abomasitis is often a sequelae of what?

Why?

A
  • Long-term antibiotic therapy.

- Resident bacterial flora are destroyed promoting growth of angio-invasive fungi.

57
Q

Which type of stain will show fungal organisms, HE or GMS?

A

GMS

58
Q

What is a common cause of parasitic gastritis in horses?

Which strain commonly settle in the pylorus close to the intestines?

A
  • The larva of Gasterophilus nasalis and intestinalis.

- Nasalis

59
Q

What condition do Ostertagia spp commonly cause?

What species are these commonly seen in?

A
  • Proliferative (hyperplastic) abomasitis leading to abomasal fold that resemble “moroccan leather.”
  • Cattle and sheep
60
Q

Which parasite can cause granulomatous gastritis close to the margo plicatus in the horse?

A

Draschia megastoma

61
Q

Which parasite most commonly causes parasitic gastritis in sheep and goats leading to blood loss, anemia and hypoproteinemia?

A

Haemonchus contortus

62
Q

Is it the males or females of Haemonchus contortus that have the barber pole appearance?

A

Females

63
Q

What is the most common gastric neoplasia in horses?

A

Gastric squamous cell carcinoma

64
Q

What can occur in horses secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Peritoneal carcinomatosis

65
Q

What is a common gastric neoplasm in horses that can resemble a form of parasitic gastritis?

A

Gastric lymphosarcoma

66
Q

Multicentric lymphosarcomas in cattle have a predilection for what part of the body?

A

Abomasum

Pathology 2 (10 decks)

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