Alimentary 2 Flashcards
In what species do you most commonly seen PRAA?
Dogs
What is one cause of congenital megaesophagus?
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
Which side does the aorta arise from in a normally developing dog?
Left
T/F: A fetus has both a right and left aorta.
True
With PRAA, do you see dilatation cranial or caudal to the heart?
Cranial
What are some clinical signs of PRAA?
Animals lose weight, regurgitate meals.
What is a common cause of death with PRAA?
Aspiration pneumonia
What constricts down on the esophagus with PRAA?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What does the ligamentum arteriosum arise from?
Remains of ductus arteriosis.
Secondary (acquired) megaesophagus is most common in what species?
Dogs
What are two possible causes of secondary megaesophagus?
Idiopathic and myasthenia gravis
Is choke seen primarily in small or large animals?
Large animals
Where is a common location for choke to occur?
Dorsal to the larynx.
What can choke produce?
Compression necrosis
Linear areas of ulceration can be seen in what condition in horses?
Reflux-esophagitis
Erosive-ulcerative esophagitis can be seen in cattle with what disease?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Parasitic esophagitis can be caused by what parasite in dogs?
Spirocerca lupi
Parasitic (chronic granulomatous) esophagitis can occasionally lead to the neoplastic formation of what?
Sarcomatous lesions (mainly osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas)
What is ruminal tympany/bloat?
Over-distention of the rumen and reticulum by gases produced during fermentation.
Primary ruminal tympany/bloat is often associated with what?
New diets that promote the formation of stable foam.
Secondary ruminal tympany/bloat is caused by what?
What are 3 examples?
Physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus resulting in failure to eructate.
- Vagus indigestion
- Esophageal papillomas
- Lymphosarcomas
What is a common sign of ruminal tympany/bloat?
Distended left paralumbar fossa
Low rumen pH is indicative of primary or secondary bloat?
Primary
What is the most reliable post-mortem indicator of ante-mortem bloat?
Bloat line
Where is the bloat line commonly seen?
Thoracic inlet
Traumatic reticulitis in cattle is caused by what?
What is another name for it?
- Foreign bodies
- Hardware disease
What are some clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
Reluctant to walk, lean forward, lay down and tend to cough.
What are 2 conditions traumatic reticuloperitonitis can lead to?
Vagus indigestion and ruminal atony
What are 2 possible complications of Hardware disease?
Chronic pericarditis and epicarditis
What is a cause of chemical rumenitis in cattle?
Lactic acidosis caused by grain overload.
What causes the chronic areas of ulceration seen with mycotic rumenitis?
Proliferation of fungus and bacteria
T/F: Gastric dilation-volvulus is a life-threatening condition.
True
In what 2 species is gastric dilation-volvulus most commonly seen?
Large deep-chested dogs and sows
What are some clinical signs of gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs?
Progressive abdominal distention, non-productive retching, hypersalivation and restlessness.
When is gastric dilation-volvulus commonly seen in sows?
After excessive intake of food and water followed by physical activity in a competitive group situation.
What other organ is often involved in gastric dilation-volvulus?
Spleen
Abomasal displacement occurs most commonly in which 2 groups of cattle?
Post-parturient dairy cows and calves
Which type of abomasal displacement is more common, right-sided or left-sided?
Left-sided
Is left-sided abomasal displacement generally fatal or non-fatal?
Non-fatal
Is the abomasum located more to the left or right of then abdominal cavity?
Right
What is a common problem associated with left-sided abomasal displacement?
Partial obstruction of abomasal flow.
What percentage of abomasal displacements are right-sided?
About 15%
What percentage of right-sided abomasal displacements result in abomasal volvulus?
20%
What are 6 clinical signs associated with abomasal displacement?
- Abdominal pain
- Elevated heart rate
- Anorexia
- Dehydration
- Depressed peristalsis with lack of feces
- Abomasal tympany (high-pitch ping elicited by percussion)
Most cases of gastric rupture in horses are due to what?
Intestinal obstructions
Hemorrhage at the site of a gastric rupture indicates that the rupture occurred pre-mortem or post-mortem?
Pre-mortem
What species are gastric ulcers especially common in?
Pigs
What can lead to gastric ulcers in pigs?
Pigs being fed finely ground rations or a high wheat component.
What can cause gastric ulcerations in horses?
How?
- NSAIDS
- By inhibiting COX which decreases prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins have a protective role in stomach secretions.
Most gastric ulcers in dogs and cats are produced by what?
Idiopathic
Cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs may lead to what?
How?
- Gastric ulceration
- By releasing histamines into the blood which bind to receptors of parietal cells in the stomach, increasing HCl secretion.
T/F: Perforated gastro-duodenal ulcers only occur in dogs with multiple mast cell tumors.
False - May occur in dogs with a solitary cutaneous mast cell tumor.
What 2 conditions can be seen in pigs, and occasionally ruminants and horses, secondary to endotoxemia or bacterial sepsis?
Thrombosis and hemorrhage (gastric venous infarction)
What mineral do you use Von-Kassa stain for?
Calcium
What bacteria causes Braxy (Bradsot)?
What condition can it cause?
- Clostridium septicum
- Abomasitis
Necro-hemorrhagic abomasitis with submucosal emphysema in lambs is diagnostic for what disease?
Braxy (Bradsot)
Mycotic abomasitis is often a sequelae of what?
Why?
- Long-term antibiotic therapy.
- Resident bacterial flora are destroyed promoting growth of angio-invasive fungi.
Which type of stain will show fungal organisms, HE or GMS?
GMS
What is a common cause of parasitic gastritis in horses?
Which strain commonly settle in the pylorus close to the intestines?
- The larva of Gasterophilus nasalis and intestinalis.
- Nasalis
What condition do Ostertagia spp commonly cause?
What species are these commonly seen in?
- Proliferative (hyperplastic) abomasitis leading to abomasal fold that resemble “moroccan leather.”
- Cattle and sheep
Which parasite can cause granulomatous gastritis close to the margo plicatus in the horse?
Draschia megastoma
Which parasite most commonly causes parasitic gastritis in sheep and goats leading to blood loss, anemia and hypoproteinemia?
Haemonchus contortus
Is it the males or females of Haemonchus contortus that have the barber pole appearance?
Females
What is the most common gastric neoplasia in horses?
Gastric squamous cell carcinoma
What can occur in horses secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinomas?
Peritoneal carcinomatosis
What is a common gastric neoplasm in horses that can resemble a form of parasitic gastritis?
Gastric lymphosarcoma
Multicentric lymphosarcomas in cattle have a predilection for what part of the body?
Abomasum
