Alimentary 1 Flashcards
Which species are more likely to develop alimentary neoplasia?
Dogs and cats
T/F: The alimentary system varies in its morphology and function in different species.
True
Which species develop a wide range of infectious diseases often poorly controlled by vaccination?
Ruminants and pigs
Horses are prone to intestinal displacements that can lead to what?
Colic
T/F: A minor part of veterinary medicine is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of alimentary disorders.
False: a large part is.
What should the appearance be of normal oral and gastro-intestinal mucosa?
Smooth and shiny.
What is considered to be a window into the health of the alimentary system?
Feces
What is an example of a currently available molecular diagnostic technique that allows rapid diagnosis of many infectious causes of enteritis?
PCR
4 examples of portals of entry into the alimentary tract for pathogenic agents are what?
- Ingestion (most common)
- Coughed up by the lungs and swallowed
- Systemic hematogenous route
- Migration through the body (parasites)
What is a common cause of colitis in foals resulting from an organism that originally settled in the lungs as a pneumonia and was then coughed up and swallowed?
Rhodococcus equi
What is an example of a parasite that migrates through the body in dogs?
Spirocirca lupi
Name 9 examples of defense mechanisms.
- Saliva
- Resident flora & fauna
- Gastric pH
- Secreted immunoglobulins
- Vomiting
- Intestinal proteolytic enzymes
- Phagocytes & other effector cells w/in the mucosa/submucosa
- High rate of epithelial turnover
- Increased peristalsis resulting in diarrhea
Name 5 categories of diseases of the oral cavity.
- Congenital anomalies
- Dental/periodontal disease
- Diseases of the tongue
- Stomatitides
- Neoplastic diseases
Palatoschisis is also known as a what?
Cleft palate
Cheiloscihisis is also known as a what?
Cleft lip
Cleft palates and cleft lips are common in what species?
Calves
Can both a cleft palate and a cleft lip be present in the same animal?
Yes
What are some causes of cleft palates and cleft lips?
Which cause is seen most often?
- Genetic disorder (seen most often)
- Veratrum californicum
- Lupines
- Poison hemlock (cattle & sheep)
- Maternal exposure to drugs during pregnancy
In what 2 species can maternal exposure to the drug griseofulvin during pregnancy cause cleft palates or cleft lips?
Queens (cats) & mares (horses)
In what species can maternal exposure to steroids during pregnancy cause cleft palates or cleft lips?
Primates
Where is the defect located in Palatoschisis?
Central defect found in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves.
What 2 cavities communicate in Palatoschisis?
Oral and nasal cavities
What is the most common cause of death in an animal with Palatoschisis?
Aspiration pneumonia
What are malocclusions?
Failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly.
What might malocclusions result in?
Difficulties in prehension and mastication of food.
What is brachygnathia?
Shorter than normal lower jaw.
What is prognathia?
Protrusion of the lower jaw.
What is dental attrition?
Loss of tooth structure caused by mastication.
What are 3 things the degree of tooth wear depends on?
- The tooth
- The animal species
- The types of food
Is abnormal wearing seen more commonly in carnivores or herbivores?
Herbivores
What can abnormal wearing of the teeth result in?
“Step mouth”
What can resident bacterial films and the acid & enzymes they produce lead to?
Enamel, gingival and periodontal ligament damage.
Where are dental plaques attached?
To the surface of the teeth.
What can dental plaques lead to?
Inflammation of the gums and gingival recession.
What species are dental plaques commonly seen in?
Are some breeds more susceptible than others?
- Dogs
- Yes
What is a dental calculus (tartar)?
Mineralized dental plaque.
What can lead to tooth decay due to damage of the underlying alveolar bone?
Periodontal disease
T/F: Primary diseases of the tongue are common.
False - they are rare.
What is an example of a primary disease of the tongue and its causative agent?
Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii
What is seen with Actinobacillosis?
Chronic stomatitis
What is inflammation of the tongue called?
Glossitis
Does Actinobacillosis affect soft tissue or hard tissue?
Soft tissue
What does the tongue often do with Actinobacillosis?
Hang out of the side of the mouth.
In which species do you primarily seen “Wooden Tongue”?
Cattle
Is Actinobacillus lignieresii a gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-negative
What do you call the radiating clubs of amorphous eosinophilic material that can be seen when examining Actinobacillus lignieresii microscopically after staining?
Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenum
Thrush (Candidiasis) is commonly seen in what species?
Foals (horses)
What causes Thrush?
Give a specific example.
- Candida species
- Candida albicans
Thrush is often observed in what 2 groups of animals?
- Young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time.
- Animals with underlying debilitating diseases.
What are some common causes of lingual lesions in cattle?
Systemic diseases like renal disease, BVD, FMD or other viral infections.
What is uremic glossitis?
Lingual lesions caused by renal disease.
Name 5 etiologies of stomatitis.
- Infectous agents
- Trauma
- Chemical injury
- Auto-immune
- Idiopathic
What does the infiltrate of Lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis mainly consist of?
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
What are 2 common underlying conditions of cats with lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis?
FeLV and FIV
What are some clinical signs of cats with feline chronic gingivo-stomatitis?
Oral pain, dysphagia, ptyalism and weight loss.
What are some possible etiologies of feline chronic gingivo-stomatitis?
Dental plaque, feline calicivirus and immune-mediated mechanisms.
In what species is chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis most common in?
What age range?
- Dogs
- Older
What are the primary infiltrates of chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis?
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
T/F: Some breeds are more susceptible than others to chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis.
True
What is a vesicle?
A raised lesion (up to 1cm diameter) filled with clear (serous) fluid located within the epithelium and lamina propria.
What is a bulla?
A vesicle over 1cm in diameter.
What are the most common causes of vesicular stomatitides in dogs and cats?
- Immune-mediated diseases
- Calicivirus (cats)
What is the most common cause of vesicular stomatitides in large animals?
Major viral diseases
What is the pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides?
- Viral induced epithelial damage
- Intracellular edema in keratinocytes (ballooning degeneration)
- Vesicles
- Bullae
- Rupture leads to erosion and ulceration
What is erosion?
Loss of some epithelium.
What is ulceration?
Loss of all epithelium.
What virus is known to cause vesicular glossitis in cats?
Calicivirus
What virus causes Foot and Mouth disease?
Picornavirus
Which animal species are susceptible to Foot and Mouth disease?
Which species is not?
- Cloven hoofed animals (ruminants, pigs)
- Horses
Which virus causes vesicular stomatitis?
Rhabdovirus
Which animal species are susceptible to vesicular stomatitis?
Ruminants, pigs, horses
Which virus causes vesicular exanthema of swine?
Calicivirus
Which virus causes swine vesicular disease?
Enterovirus
Name 4 diseases affecting the oral cavity that are reportable in the US and Canada.
Foot and Mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease
T/F: Foot and Mouth disease is highly contagious with low morbidity and high mortality.
False - high morbidity and low mortality
What is the pathogenesis of Foot and Mouth disease?
- Virus ingestion/inhalation
- Pharynx
- Viremia
- Oral mucosa & epidermal sites
- Lesions develop in areas subjected to mechanical injury
What are the clinical signs of Foot and Mouth disease?
Drooling saliva (ptyalism), lameness, weight loss, reduced eating, hyper-salivation
What can be seen sometimes in the hooves of animals with Foot and Mouth disease?
Sloughing of the hoof
What condition can be seen sometimes in young animals with Foot and Mouth disease?
Myocardial necrosis, “Tiger Heart”
T/F: The clinical presentation of Foot and Mouth disease in pigs is different from that seen in cattle.
False - it is similar
Is erosive-ulcerative stomatitis a vesicular or non-vesicular disease?
Non-vesicular
What are 2 possible underlying causes of erosive-ulcerative stomatitides in cattle?
BVD, malignant catarrhal fever
What virus causes papular stomatitides?
Parapoxvirus
Papular stomatitides is commonly found in what type of individual?
Immuno-suppressed
Where are the “coin-shaped” papules and ulcers commonly found with papular stomatitides?
Nares, muzzle, oral cavity
Parapoxvirus is closely related to which other virus?
What common condition is caused by this other virus?
Which virus is zoonotic?
- Pseudocowpox virus
- Milker’s nodules
- Pseudocowpox virus
What are some other names for contagious ecthyma?
Contagious viral pustular dermatitis, orf, sore mouth
What virus causes contagious ecthyma?
Parapoxvirus
What age group is most commonly affected by contagious ecthyma?
Lambs and kids 3 to 6 months of age
T/F: Contagious ecthyma has high morbidity and low mortality.
True
Where is a common location of contagious ecthyma?
Lesions usually develop in sites of trauma.
T/F: Contagious ecthyma is a zoonotic disease.
True
What’s another name for necrotizing stomatitis?
Oral necrobacillosis, calf diphtheria
What microorganism causes necrotizing stomatitis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
In which species do you commonly find necrotizing stomatitis?
Calves, sometimes pigs.
What is a cause of death associated with oral necrobacillosis?
Aspiration pneumonia
What is a common source of treatment for feline eosinophilic granulomas?
Corticosteroid therapy
Are non-neoplastic proliferative lesions of the oral cavity found primarily in small animals or large animals?
Small animals
In what types of dogs are non-neoplastic proliferative lesions of the oral cavity more common?
Brachycephalic breeds
What is an epulis?
Tumors of the periodontal ligament-type stroma.
Are fibromatous and ossifying epulis benign or metastic?
Benign
T/F: Acanthomatous ameloblastomas are locally aggressive but do not often recur after excision.
False - they are locally aggressive but do often recur after excision.
Canine oral papillomatosis is caused by what virus?
Papovavirus
In what age group is canine oral papillomatosis more common?
Younger than 1 year old.
T/F: The lesions associated with canine oral papillomatosis are benign, regress spontaneously and the immunity is short-lived.
False - They are benign and regress spontaneously but immunity is long-lived.
What does verrucous mean?
Pertaining to, marked by or like a wart or warts.
What type of epithelium is an oral papilloma composed of?
Thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering a pedunculate connective tissue core.
In what species are oral papillomas most common in?
What percent are malignant?
- Dogs
- 90%
What is the difference between an amelanotic melanoma and a regular oral melanoma?
With an amelanotic melanoma, the tumor itself is not pigmented black.
What are some predisposing factors for oral melanomas?
- Smaller dog breeds
- Oral pigmentation
T/F: Oral melanomas are different from cutaneous melanomas which are usually benign.
True
Where is a common place for melanomas to metastasize to in dogs?
Lungs
Do squamous cell carcinomas metastasize quickly or slowly?
Where do they tend to metastasize first?
- Slowly
- Local lymph nodes
What type of oral neoplastic growth is common in horses?
Fibrosarcoma
