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Pathology 2 > Alimentary 1 > Flashcards

Alimentary 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Which species are more likely to develop alimentary neoplasia?

A

Dogs and cats

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1
Q

T/F: The alimentary system varies in its morphology and function in different species.

A

True

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2
Q

Which species develop a wide range of infectious diseases often poorly controlled by vaccination?

A

Ruminants and pigs

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3
Q

Horses are prone to intestinal displacements that can lead to what?

A

Colic

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4
Q

T/F: A minor part of veterinary medicine is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of alimentary disorders.

A

False: a large part is.

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5
Q

What should the appearance be of normal oral and gastro-intestinal mucosa?

A

Smooth and shiny.

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6
Q

What is considered to be a window into the health of the alimentary system?

A

Feces

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7
Q

What is an example of a currently available molecular diagnostic technique that allows rapid diagnosis of many infectious causes of enteritis?

A

PCR

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8
Q

4 examples of portals of entry into the alimentary tract for pathogenic agents are what?

A
  • Ingestion (most common)
  • Coughed up by the lungs and swallowed
  • Systemic hematogenous route
  • Migration through the body (parasites)
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9
Q

What is a common cause of colitis in foals resulting from an organism that originally settled in the lungs as a pneumonia and was then coughed up and swallowed?

A

Rhodococcus equi

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10
Q

What is an example of a parasite that migrates through the body in dogs?

A

Spirocirca lupi

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11
Q

Name 9 examples of defense mechanisms.

A
  • Saliva
  • Resident flora & fauna
  • Gastric pH
  • Secreted immunoglobulins
  • Vomiting
  • Intestinal proteolytic enzymes
  • Phagocytes & other effector cells w/in the mucosa/submucosa
  • High rate of epithelial turnover
  • Increased peristalsis resulting in diarrhea
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12
Q

Name 5 categories of diseases of the oral cavity.

A
  • Congenital anomalies
  • Dental/periodontal disease
  • Diseases of the tongue
  • Stomatitides
  • Neoplastic diseases
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13
Q

Palatoschisis is also known as a what?

A

Cleft palate

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14
Q

Cheiloscihisis is also known as a what?

A

Cleft lip

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15
Q

Cleft palates and cleft lips are common in what species?

A

Calves

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16
Q

Can both a cleft palate and a cleft lip be present in the same animal?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What are some causes of cleft palates and cleft lips?

Which cause is seen most often?

A
  • Genetic disorder (seen most often)
  • Veratrum californicum
  • Lupines
  • Poison hemlock (cattle & sheep)
  • Maternal exposure to drugs during pregnancy
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18
Q

In what 2 species can maternal exposure to the drug griseofulvin during pregnancy cause cleft palates or cleft lips?

A

Queens (cats) & mares (horses)

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19
Q

In what species can maternal exposure to steroids during pregnancy cause cleft palates or cleft lips?

A

Primates

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20
Q

Where is the defect located in Palatoschisis?

A

Central defect found in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves.

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21
Q

What 2 cavities communicate in Palatoschisis?

A

Oral and nasal cavities

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of death in an animal with Palatoschisis?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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23
Q

What are malocclusions?

A

Failure of the upper and lower incisors to interdigitate properly.

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24
Q

What might malocclusions result in?

A

Difficulties in prehension and mastication of food.

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25
Q

What is brachygnathia?

A

Shorter than normal lower jaw.

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26
Q

What is prognathia?

A

Protrusion of the lower jaw.

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27
Q

What is dental attrition?

A

Loss of tooth structure caused by mastication.

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28
Q

What are 3 things the degree of tooth wear depends on?

A
  • The tooth
  • The animal species
  • The types of food
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29
Q

Is abnormal wearing seen more commonly in carnivores or herbivores?

A

Herbivores

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30
Q

What can abnormal wearing of the teeth result in?

A

“Step mouth”

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31
Q

What can resident bacterial films and the acid & enzymes they produce lead to?

A

Enamel, gingival and periodontal ligament damage.

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32
Q

Where are dental plaques attached?

A

To the surface of the teeth.

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33
Q

What can dental plaques lead to?

A

Inflammation of the gums and gingival recession.

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34
Q

What species are dental plaques commonly seen in?

Are some breeds more susceptible than others?

A
  • Dogs

- Yes

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35
Q

What is a dental calculus (tartar)?

A

Mineralized dental plaque.

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36
Q

What can lead to tooth decay due to damage of the underlying alveolar bone?

A

Periodontal disease

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37
Q

T/F: Primary diseases of the tongue are common.

A

False - they are rare.

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38
Q

What is an example of a primary disease of the tongue and its causative agent?

A

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue) caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii

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39
Q

What is seen with Actinobacillosis?

A

Chronic stomatitis

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40
Q

What is inflammation of the tongue called?

A

Glossitis

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41
Q

Does Actinobacillosis affect soft tissue or hard tissue?

A

Soft tissue

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42
Q

What does the tongue often do with Actinobacillosis?

A

Hang out of the side of the mouth.

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43
Q

In which species do you primarily seen “Wooden Tongue”?

A

Cattle

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44
Q

Is Actinobacillus lignieresii a gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-negative

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45
Q

What do you call the radiating clubs of amorphous eosinophilic material that can be seen when examining Actinobacillus lignieresii microscopically after staining?

A

Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenum

46
Q

Thrush (Candidiasis) is commonly seen in what species?

A

Foals (horses)

47
Q

What causes Thrush?

Give a specific example.

A
  • Candida species

- Candida albicans

48
Q

Thrush is often observed in what 2 groups of animals?

A
  • Young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time.
  • Animals with underlying debilitating diseases.
49
Q

What are some common causes of lingual lesions in cattle?

A

Systemic diseases like renal disease, BVD, FMD or other viral infections.

50
Q

What is uremic glossitis?

A

Lingual lesions caused by renal disease.

51
Q

Name 5 etiologies of stomatitis.

A
  • Infectous agents
  • Trauma
  • Chemical injury
  • Auto-immune
  • Idiopathic
52
Q

What does the infiltrate of Lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis mainly consist of?

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

53
Q

What are 2 common underlying conditions of cats with lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis?

A

FeLV and FIV

54
Q

What are some clinical signs of cats with feline chronic gingivo-stomatitis?

A

Oral pain, dysphagia, ptyalism and weight loss.

55
Q

What are some possible etiologies of feline chronic gingivo-stomatitis?

A

Dental plaque, feline calicivirus and immune-mediated mechanisms.

56
Q

In what species is chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis most common in?
What age range?

A
  • Dogs

- Older

57
Q

What are the primary infiltrates of chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis?

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

58
Q

T/F: Some breeds are more susceptible than others to chronic ulcerative (lympho-plasmacytic) paradental stomatitis.

A

True

59
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A raised lesion (up to 1cm diameter) filled with clear (serous) fluid located within the epithelium and lamina propria.

60
Q

What is a bulla?

A

A vesicle over 1cm in diameter.

61
Q

What are the most common causes of vesicular stomatitides in dogs and cats?

A
  • Immune-mediated diseases

- Calicivirus (cats)

62
Q

What is the most common cause of vesicular stomatitides in large animals?

A

Major viral diseases

63
Q

What is the pathogenesis of viral vesicular stomatitides?

A
  • Viral induced epithelial damage
  • Intracellular edema in keratinocytes (ballooning degeneration)
  • Vesicles
  • Bullae
  • Rupture leads to erosion and ulceration
64
Q

What is erosion?

A

Loss of some epithelium.

65
Q

What is ulceration?

A

Loss of all epithelium.

66
Q

What virus is known to cause vesicular glossitis in cats?

A

Calicivirus

67
Q

What virus causes Foot and Mouth disease?

A

Picornavirus

68
Q

Which animal species are susceptible to Foot and Mouth disease?
Which species is not?

A
  • Cloven hoofed animals (ruminants, pigs)

- Horses

69
Q

Which virus causes vesicular stomatitis?

A

Rhabdovirus

70
Q

Which animal species are susceptible to vesicular stomatitis?

A

Ruminants, pigs, horses

71
Q

Which virus causes vesicular exanthema of swine?

A

Calicivirus

72
Q

Which virus causes swine vesicular disease?

A

Enterovirus

73
Q

Name 4 diseases affecting the oral cavity that are reportable in the US and Canada.

A

Foot and Mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease

74
Q

T/F: Foot and Mouth disease is highly contagious with low morbidity and high mortality.

A

False - high morbidity and low mortality

75
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Foot and Mouth disease?

A
  • Virus ingestion/inhalation
  • Pharynx
  • Viremia
  • Oral mucosa & epidermal sites
  • Lesions develop in areas subjected to mechanical injury
76
Q

What are the clinical signs of Foot and Mouth disease?

A

Drooling saliva (ptyalism), lameness, weight loss, reduced eating, hyper-salivation

77
Q

What can be seen sometimes in the hooves of animals with Foot and Mouth disease?

A

Sloughing of the hoof

78
Q

What condition can be seen sometimes in young animals with Foot and Mouth disease?

A

Myocardial necrosis, “Tiger Heart”

79
Q

T/F: The clinical presentation of Foot and Mouth disease in pigs is different from that seen in cattle.

A

False - it is similar

80
Q

Is erosive-ulcerative stomatitis a vesicular or non-vesicular disease?

A

Non-vesicular

81
Q

What are 2 possible underlying causes of erosive-ulcerative stomatitides in cattle?

A

BVD, malignant catarrhal fever

82
Q

What virus causes papular stomatitides?

A

Parapoxvirus

83
Q

Papular stomatitides is commonly found in what type of individual?

A

Immuno-suppressed

84
Q

Where are the “coin-shaped” papules and ulcers commonly found with papular stomatitides?

A

Nares, muzzle, oral cavity

85
Q

Parapoxvirus is closely related to which other virus?
What common condition is caused by this other virus?
Which virus is zoonotic?

A
  • Pseudocowpox virus
  • Milker’s nodules
  • Pseudocowpox virus
86
Q

What are some other names for contagious ecthyma?

A

Contagious viral pustular dermatitis, orf, sore mouth

87
Q

What virus causes contagious ecthyma?

A

Parapoxvirus

88
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by contagious ecthyma?

A

Lambs and kids 3 to 6 months of age

89
Q

T/F: Contagious ecthyma has high morbidity and low mortality.

A

True

90
Q

Where is a common location of contagious ecthyma?

A

Lesions usually develop in sites of trauma.

91
Q

T/F: Contagious ecthyma is a zoonotic disease.

A

True

92
Q

What’s another name for necrotizing stomatitis?

A

Oral necrobacillosis, calf diphtheria

93
Q

What microorganism causes necrotizing stomatitis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

94
Q

In which species do you commonly find necrotizing stomatitis?

A

Calves, sometimes pigs.

95
Q

What is a cause of death associated with oral necrobacillosis?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

96
Q

What is a common source of treatment for feline eosinophilic granulomas?

A

Corticosteroid therapy

97
Q

Are non-neoplastic proliferative lesions of the oral cavity found primarily in small animals or large animals?

A

Small animals

98
Q

In what types of dogs are non-neoplastic proliferative lesions of the oral cavity more common?

A

Brachycephalic breeds

99
Q

What is an epulis?

A

Tumors of the periodontal ligament-type stroma.

100
Q

Are fibromatous and ossifying epulis benign or metastic?

A

Benign

101
Q

T/F: Acanthomatous ameloblastomas are locally aggressive but do not often recur after excision.

A

False - they are locally aggressive but do often recur after excision.

102
Q

Canine oral papillomatosis is caused by what virus?

A

Papovavirus

103
Q

In what age group is canine oral papillomatosis more common?

A

Younger than 1 year old.

104
Q

T/F: The lesions associated with canine oral papillomatosis are benign, regress spontaneously and the immunity is short-lived.

A

False - They are benign and regress spontaneously but immunity is long-lived.

105
Q

What does verrucous mean?

A

Pertaining to, marked by or like a wart or warts.

106
Q

What type of epithelium is an oral papilloma composed of?

A

Thick keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering a pedunculate connective tissue core.

107
Q

In what species are oral papillomas most common in?

What percent are malignant?

A
  • Dogs

- 90%

108
Q

What is the difference between an amelanotic melanoma and a regular oral melanoma?

A

With an amelanotic melanoma, the tumor itself is not pigmented black.

109
Q

What are some predisposing factors for oral melanomas?

A
  • Smaller dog breeds

- Oral pigmentation

110
Q

T/F: Oral melanomas are different from cutaneous melanomas which are usually benign.

A

True

111
Q

Where is a common place for melanomas to metastasize to in dogs?

A

Lungs

112
Q

Do squamous cell carcinomas metastasize quickly or slowly?

Where do they tend to metastasize first?

A
  • Slowly

- Local lymph nodes

113
Q

What type of oral neoplastic growth is common in horses?

A

Fibrosarcoma

Pathology 2 (10 decks)

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