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IT GCSE > Algorithms > Flashcards

Algorithms Flashcards

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1
Q

Abstraction

A

the process of filtering out the characteristics of patterns that are not needed in order to concentrate on those that are required for the solution

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2
Q

Acceptance Testing

A

a level of software testing where the software is tested for acceptability, the purpose of which is to evaluate the system’s compliance with the user’s requirements and access whether it is acceptable for implementation in the user’s organisation

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3
Q

Annotations

A

comments written in plain English that are ignored by the compiler and are there to help a programmer and other people who read the code understand it

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4
Q

Anti-virus

A

a program that can be loaded into memory when the computer is running that monitors activity on a computer system for the signs of virus infection that scans for a virus’s signature

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5
Q

Archiver

A

long-term storage of files no longer in use

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6
Q

Arithmetic Operations

A

operators used to manipulate programs

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7
Q

Array

A

a data structure that stores a collection of individual values that are the same data type

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8
Q

One-Dimensional Array

A

array for storing a list of values

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9
Q

Two-Dimensional Array

A

array for storing a matrix of values

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10
Q

Assertion Errors

A

provide a way to alert the programmer to mistakes during development

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11
Q

Assignment

A

the process of setting the value stored in the variable

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12
Q

Attributes

A

values that belong to a particular class, eg attributes in a book class include title, author, number of pages, date of publication

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13
Q

Authentication

A

checks if something is correct,

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14
Q

Check Digit

A

checks to see if an error has occurred by doing some mathematical calculations, normally with one or two digits

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15
Q

Double Entry

A

used in situations where the same identical piece of data needs to be entered twice, such as when changing a password

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16
Q

Format Check

A

checks the format of something, eg that a postcode or NI number has been entered correctly

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17
Q

Length Check

A

restricts how many characters can be entered into a text box

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18
Q

Lookup Table

A

reduces errors, used in situations such as to select a title from a menu

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19
Q

Presence Check

A

checks that something has been entered

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20
Q

Range Check

A

checks that data is between two endpoints, a minimum and maximum value

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21
Q

Backup Software

A

where the original file is still on the computer, but there is another copy somewhere else

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22
Q

Boolean Operations

A

can be used to join conditional statements together to form ‘complex conditions’

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23
Q

Boundary Data

A

test data that is on the very edge of the valid range of data

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24
Q

Classes

A

a template for an object, specifying attributes and methods that belong to each object e.g the library program would only contain one book class, using which many book objects would be created

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25
Q

Clipboard Manager

A

stores data copied to the clipboard so that it isn’t immediately deleted at each new copy function

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26
Q

CLI

A

Command Line Interface

a text based user interface used to run programs

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27
Q

Comment

A

part of the code that is not read by the computer

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28
Q

Comparison Operators

A

used to compare values

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29
Q

Complex Conditions

A

created by boolean expressions such as and, or, not or xor

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30
Q

Concatenating

A

joining variables together

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31
Q

Condition

A

a feature in an algorithm that can be met or not met, causing a different action to be taken

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32
Q

Constant

A

a value that is fixed

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33
Q

Count Variable

A

a variable containing an integer that counts how many times a loop has run

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34
Q

Cryptographic Utilities

A

secure communications techniques that enable only the sender and the intended recipient of messages to read its contents

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35
Q

Data Handling

A

collecting and processing data

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36
Q

Data Processing

A

the collection and manipulation of data to create meaningful information

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37
Q

Data Recovery

A

the process by which data that has been accidentally deleted can be recovered

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38
Q

Data Structure

A

a specific way of organising data within memory so that it can be processed effectively

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39
Q

Data Type

A

defines the range of values a variable may take

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40
Q

Decomposition

A

breaking down a problem into a matter of sub-routines

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41
Q

Disk Checkers

A

a system tool that verifies the file system integrity of a volume as well as for fixing logical file errors

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42
Q

Disk Cleaner

A

where files no longer of any use are removed

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43
Q

Disk Compression

A

a tool for compressing data on the disk

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44
Q

Disk Formatters

A

a tool for formatting data on a disk

45
Q

Disk Partition Editors

A

the creation of one or more regions on secondary storage, so that each region can be managed separately

46
Q

Erroneous Data

A

data that the program isn’t designed to work with, so the program might break if you don’t validate

47
Q

Exceptions

A

provide a way to handle errors that may legitimately occur at runtime

48
Q

Extreme Data

A

data that’s close to being erroneous, which may or may not be valid depending on the context

49
Q

Dry Run

A

the process of a programmer manually working through their code to trace the value of variables

50
Q

File Manager

A

a program used to organize, list, and locate files and directories on a computer

51
Q

Flowchart

A

a way of designing an algorithm that that uses different shapes to represent different types of instruction

52
Q

Arrow

A

used to show the flow of data through a flowchart

53
Q

Circle

A

connector, used to connect parts of the same flowchart that are drawn in different places, such as different pages

54
Q

Diamond

A

decision, used to demonstrate a decision or choice

55
Q

Oval

A

start/stop, used to show where beginning and end of the flowchart is

56
Q

Parrallelogram

A

input/output, used to show where a flowchart will take an input, or provide an output

57
Q

Rectangle

A

process, used to show any processes or calculations that are happening in the flowchart

58
Q

For loops

A

repeats an instruction a certain number of times

59
Q

Formatting

A

where files are made compatible with the operating system

60
Q

Function

A

a collection of connected statements that carry out a certain activity

61
Q

GUI

A

Graphical User Interface

a graphics-based user interface used for running programs

62
Q

Incrementation

A

where one is added or subtracted from a variable

63
Q

DIV

A

Integer Division

finds the quotient or the ‘whole number of times’ a divisor can be divided into a number, eg the quotient as 5 as 2 divides into 11 5 times

64
Q

Integration Testing

A

a level of software testing where individual units are combined and tested as a group, the purpose being to expose faults in the interaction between integrated units

65
Q

Interface

A

a clear boundary between the human and the machine

66
Q

Invalid Data

A

data that’s in the correct format, bug should be rejected by the program

67
Q

Logical Operators

A

logical operators are used to combine conditional statements

68
Q

Loop

A

a sequence of instructions that is continuously repeated a set number of times or until a condition is met

69
Q

Indefinite Loop

A

also known as a condition-control loop, a loop that continues until a specific condition is met or broken

70
Q

Inner Loop

A

loop inside a loop

71
Q

Outer Loop

A

loop containing other loops

72
Q

Mathematical Operators

A

arithmetic functions are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations

73
Q

Methods

A

subroutines that belong to a particular class, that can be run on any object created from that class, eg the book class may have a method called ‘borrow’

74
Q

Modular Programming

A

a method of organising large computer programs into self-contained parts known as modules

75
Q

MOD

A

Modulo Division

finds the remainder when a divisor is divided into a number, eg the remainder is 1 as 2 divides 5 times into 11 with 1 remaining

76
Q

Mutable

A

data that can be changed

77
Q

Normal Data

A

typical data that a computer program would be able to accept

78
Q

Object

A

a representation of a real-world object eg a library program may contain millions of ‘book’ objects

79
Q

OOP

A

Object Orientated Programming

a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code

80
Q

Pattern Recognition

A

recognising patterns in complex problems can help to solve them more efficiently, making the solution more manageable

81
Q

Procedure

A

functions that don’t return a value

82
Q

Pseudocode

A

a way of designing an algorithm in programming-type statements that are not specific to any programming language

83
Q

Record

A

a collection of related data contained in one or more files or a database

84
Q

Refinement

A

testing results are used to refine/improve the functionality of a program

85
Q

Repetition

A

a way of repeating a set of instructions in an algorithm

86
Q

Revision Control

A

the management of changes made over time

87
Q

Scope

A

refers to whether a variable is local, global etc

88
Q

Screen Based Validation

A

the user checks that the data entered matches a source document

89
Q

Selection

A

a way of creating multiple paths and decisions in an algorithm

90
Q

Self-Documenting Identifier

A

any name that you give to a subroutine or variable that makes it clear what that subroutine or variable is for

91
Q

Sequence

A

the order in which a set of instructions is carried out on an algorithm

92
Q

Subroutine

A

a named set of instructions that can be called to run from elsewhere in the program, such as procedures and functions

93
Q

System Profiles

A

a program that can provide detailed information about the software installed and hardware attached to a computer

94
Q

System Testing

A

a level of testing that validates the complete and fully integrated software product, the purpose of which is to evaluate end-to-end system specifications, usually only one element of a larger computer based system

95
Q

Validation

A

process to check whether something is correct or not

96
Q

Variable

A

a changeable value within a computer program

97
Q

Global Variable

A

a variable that is visible throughout a whole program

98
Q

Local Variable

A

a variable that is visible within a subroutine, does not retain its value every time the function is called

99
Q

Verification

A

process to check whether entries are correct or not

100
Q

Static Local Variable

A

a variable that is visible within a subroutine, retains its value every time the function is called

101
Q

Dynamic Variable

A

describes the range in which elements of a computer program can act, means elements such as variables, constants, functions or procedures, lasts for the run of the program and is allocated specific memory as and when it is needed

102
Q

Disk Formatters

A

a tool for formatting data on a disk

103
Q

Utility Software

A

software designed to help to analyse, configure, optimize or maintain a computer

104
Q

Test Plan

A

a document that details the scope, approach, resources and schedule of intended test activities

105
Q

Test Strategy

A

a document that sets out the approach to testing a software application

106
Q

Typical Data

A

data that is correct and should be processed correctly within the program

107
Q

Unit Testing

A

a testing technique that involves testing each individual module of a programmed solution to ensure that each one functions as it should

108
Q

User Interface

A

the point of human-computer interaction and communication in a device

109
Q

Visual Check

A

the user checks that the data entered matches a source document

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