Alcohols, Oxidation, Reduction and Carbonyls Flashcards
Properties of alcohols
Volatile liquid (evaporates quickly in room temperature), colourless, flammable, burns readily in blue air.
Uses of alcohols
Biofuel, solvents and sanitisers
Primary alcohol
The carbon, the hydroxyl group is bonded to is bonded to one other carbon.
Secondary alcohol
The carbon, the hydroxyl group is bonded to is bonded to two other carbons.
Tertiary alcohol
The carbon, the hydroxyl group is bonded to is bonded to three other carbons.
Oxidation of alcohols
When the oxygen to hydrogen radio increases by removing hydrogen from the molecule or adding oxygen to it.
Reduction of alcohols
When the oxygen to hydrogen radio decreases by the removal of an oxygen from the molecule or adding of hydrogens to it.
Oxidation agents
Copper (II) oxide
Acidified dichromate
Acidified dichromate reaction
If the alcohol is primary or secondary the acidified dichromate solution will turn from orange to green (aDOG), if it is a tertiary alcohol there will be no colour change observed.
Product of first oxidation of primary alcohol
An aldehyde is produced named an alkanal
Product of first oxidation of secondary alcohol
A ketone is produce named an alkanone
Product of second oxidation of primary alcohols
Carboxylic acid
Functional group of oxidised alcohol
Carbonyl group C=O
Can an aldehyde be oxidised?
Yes
Can a ketone be oxidised?
No
Naming aldehydes
Will be normal but end with butanal for example.
No need to indicate position of functional group since it’ll always be on carbon 1
Naming ketones
Ends with xanone or xan-2-one
Will be butanone and propanone as if it’s a ketone can only be on those carbons
Example of complex ketone
Testosterone
How to identify ketones and aldehydes
An aldehyde will turn acidified dichromate from orange to green, for a ketone it will stay the same orange - there will be no change.
An aldehyde will turn Fehlings solution blue to orange and for ketones no change will be observed.
An aldehyde will turns Tolles solution from clear to silver mirror and for ketone there will be no change
Aldehyde functional group structure and name
-C=0 named carbonyl group
I
H
Ketone functional group
O named carbonyl group
II
-C-
Why can an aldehyde be oxidised but ketone cannot?
On an aldehyde there is room for an additional oxygen to be added on the carbon double bonded to the oxygen, however on a ketone there is no room for alcohol to be added to the carbon double bonded to the oxygen
Determining naming of ketone and aldehyde
KetONE - alkanONE
ALdehyde - alkanAL
