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Organic chemistry and synthesis A2 > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the conditions for formation of alcohols from halogenoalkanes and what type of reaction is it

A

Reflux with sodium hydroxide aqueous and 1 atmosphere

NUCLEOPHILIC substitution or alkaline hydrolysis

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2
Q

Give reaction equation for the formation of alcohols from halogenoalkanes

A

RX + NaOH –> ROH + NaX

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3
Q

Reaction of alcohols with hydrogen bromide
How is HBr produced?
What do they produce?

A

HBr produced in the reaction flask by refluxing with concentrated sulfuric acid and KBr

Produce bromoalkanes

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4
Q

Reactions of alcohols with hydrogen chloride

Conditions
Reaction equation
What they produce

A

Anhydrus, ZnCl2 catalyst
NUCLEOPHILIC substitution

ROH + HCl –> RCl + H2O

Produce chloroalkanes e.g 2-chlorobutane

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5
Q

Reduction reaction to form alcohol:

What is a carboxylic acid reduced to? Give equation

A

Reduced to 1• alcohol

RCOOH—> [4H] RCH2OH + H2O

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6
Q

Reduction reaction forming an alcohol
What is an aldehyde reduced to
Reaction equation

A

Reduced to 1• alcohol

RCHO —> [2H] RCH2OH

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7
Q

Reduction RXN to form an alcohol
What is a ketone reduced to?
Reaction equation

A

Reduced to 2• alcohol

RCOR’ —-> [2H] RCH(OH)R’

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8
Q

2 Reducing agents for reduction reactions

A

Lithium aluminium hydride - anhydrous, room temp, works for all

Aqueous sodium borohydride - room temp and only reduces aldehydes and ketones

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9
Q

Conditions for alcohols and ethanoyl chloride

A

Basic catalysts to neutralise acidic hydrogen chloride

Anhydrous

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10
Q

What does alcohols and ethanoyl chloride produce? What type of reaction is it?

A

An eater, it’s a NUCLEOPHILIC substitution / ethanoylation reaction

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11
Q

What are the properties of an acid catalyst eg ethanoyl chloride

A

Fuming liquid
Low BP
No hydrogen bonding between molecules

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12
Q

Alcohols are neutral in terms of acidity in something - what is this something?

A

Aqueous solution

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13
Q

What bonding is present between alcohol molecules?

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

What is the polarity of the hydroxy group?

A

It is polar due to an electronegativity difference between O and H atoms. This leads to a permanent dipole which results in hydrogen bonding between molecules

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15
Q

Solubility of alcohols in terms of Boiling point

A

Solubility decreases as boiling point increases due to an increase in VDW between molecules: more energy to overcome forces

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16
Q

Solubility of alcohols in terms of molar mass/hydrocarbon chain

A

Solubility decreases as molar mass increases due to the increasing effect of the hydrocarbon chain over the effect of the hydroxy group which can hydrogen bond to water molecules

17
Q

Explain the boiling points of alcohols

A

They’re higher than expected from their Mr’s because the Hydroxy group can hydrogen bond to hydroxy group of other molecules which increases the intermolecular forces and lots of energy is needed to overcome them

18
Q

Triiodomethane iodoform test for an alcohol -
Reagents?
Positive result with what group?
Observation?

A

Iodine and sodium hydroxide (aq)

Positive result seen with group CH3COH

Observe: yellow ppt (and antiseptic smell buy not observation)

19
Q

What primary alcohol is the only primary alcohol to give a positive result with iodine and sodium hydroxide?

Do tertiary alcohols?

A

Ethanol

Tertiary alcohols don’t produce positive result

20
Q

What is the catalyst used in the ESTERIFICATION of alcohols and carboxylic acids?

A

Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

21
Q

What is a characteristic of an water

A

Sweet smell

22
Q

Describe reagents and conditions for reactions of alcohols and carboxylic acids

A

Alcohol
Carboxylic acid
Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

23
Q

Explaining the difference in boiling points between two similar molecules

A

Less dipole dipole forces between molecules of one so less energy to overcome so lower BP

24
Q

Give a reason why a main product of a reaction between propene and water under conditions such as electrophilic addition is propan-2-ol?

A

Secondary carbocation nor eatable than primary carbocation

Organic chemistry and synthesis A2 (16 decks)

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