Alcohols Flashcards
What are the two ways to make alcohol
Fermentation
Hydration of alkenes
What is the equation for fermentation
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
What are the conditions needed for fermentation
Anaerobic
Yeast
37 degrees
1 to 2 Atm
What is the mechanims for acid catalysed elimination mechanism
Arrow from Lone pair on OH to H+ floating around (originally from conc h2so4, h3po4)
-then arrow from carbon to positive oxygen
Then arrow from C-H to C-C bond
This forms a double bond
What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene
300 degrees
Catalyst conc phosphoric/sulphuric acid
State the meaning of the term hydration
the addition of water
what is meant by the term biofuel
fuel that can be produced by plants
what is meant by the term carbon neutral
no net term of carbon is released into the atmosphere
what are the advantages and disadvantages of using fermentation
Advantages
- sugar is renewable
- it uses cheap technology
Disadvantages
- it is a batch process
- ethanol is not pure need further distillation
- depletes land for food crops
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the hydration of ethene
Advanatges
- faster reaction
- purer proudct
- contonious
Disadvantage
- high technology equipment
- non-renewable
- more expensive
What conditions happen during the partial oxidation of primary oxidation
Reaction: primary alcohol into aldehyde
Reagent: potassium dichromate solution and dilute sulphuric acid (acidified potassium dichromate)
conditions: use a limited amount of potassium dichromate and gently distil out the aldehyde
What conditions happen during the full oxidation of primary alcohol
primary alcohol into carboxylic acid
reagent: excess of acidified potassium dichromate
conditions: heat under reflux
What conditions happen during the oxidation of secondary oxidation
secondary alcohol into a ketone
reagent: potassium solution and dilute sulphuric acid (acidified potassium dichromate)
conditions: heat under reflux
What are the conditions, reagent, reaction needed to turn an alcohol into an alkene
Reagents: conc sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid
Conditions: warm and under reflux
Role of reagent: dehydrating agent
Type or reaction: acid catalysed elimination
What is the mechanism for the hydration of Ethene into ethanol
Arrow from carbon carbon double bond to H+ floating around
Arrow from lone pair on oxygen of a water molecule to carbon
Arrow from O-H bond to oxygen
-makes an alcohol and H+ is reformed because it’s a catalyst
