Alcohol Flashcards
Alcohol becomes what
Preferred fuel displacing other fuels
How much is lost in breath/ urine
2-10%
Where is ethanol distributed in the body
Evenly distributed through the aqueous phase of the body
How does ethanol cross cell membrane
Doesnt need transport proteins
What percentage is oxidized in the liver
80-90%
Alcohol is absorbed fast but
metabolized slowly
Where is alcohol dehydrogenase
Stomach and liver
Where is MEO’s
Liver only
ADH produces what
Ethanol—> acetaldehyde
Where does first pass metabolism occur
Stomach
Acetaldehyde is produced by what
ADH & MEO’s
What does first pass metabolism do
decreases the bioavailability of ethanol and represents a protective barrier- when small amount is present
Gastric barrier is lost when
Alcohol dependence
Blood levels are higher in who
women
Who has more ADH activity?
Men
Who has higher BAC levels
women due to less ADH
Metabolic effect of ADH
Generation of NADH in liver
Why is NADH accumulation bad
Because there needs to be an equal balance between NADH/NAD+ so NAD+ can go to ETC for energy
Lactic acidosis reduces what
Kidneys capacity to excrete uric acid — leading to secondary hyperuricemia
Alcohol consumption can precipitate what
Gouty attacks
Why are citric acid cycle reactions slowed
Because of reduction of NAD+
What can happen with acute alcohol intoxication
Hypoglycemia
Ingestion of ethanol preferentially turns pyruvate to what
Lactate
Why is Lactate to pyruvate decreased
because of lack of NAD+
Pyruvate doesnt turn to ______ when alcohol is present
Glucose- can result in hypoglycemia
How do you induce MEOs in the liver
Drink more often
Is hepatic ADH inducible?
NO, MEO’s are though
What accumulates in the liver?
NADPH and NADP+
Km for hepatic ADH
1-10mg- high affinity
MEO’s belong to what class
cytochrome P450s (2E1)
Km for 2E1?
50-80mg- low affinity
When ia 2E1 most effective?
When large amounts of alcohol are present
Who is 2E1 most effective for
People with alcohol dependence
When is gastric ADH decreased
People with alcohol dependence
When there are more 2E1’s what happens
More toxic byproducts
When gastric ADH is decreased what happens
All alcohol goes to the liver
More MEO’s mean what
Enhanced metabolism of alcohol BUT also enhanced metabolism of drugs
Effects of Tylenol and ethanol are synergistic because they reduce what
Levels of glutathione
In the presence of high amount of 2E1 Tylenol is broken down to what
NAPQ1- toxic metabolite
Increased 2E1 may account for what
More cancer, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia
Ethanol is converted to what
Equal amounts of Acetaldehyde and acetate
What is aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDL)
Mito enzyme with a low Km for acetaldehyde
Chronic consumption of ethanol on ALDL
Reduced
ALDL catalyzes what reaction
Acetaldehyde + NAD+—–> acetate + NADH
High levels of Acetaldehyde lead to what
Effect on proteins and other molecules due to excess free-radical
What organs does alcohol effect
Every organ for nutrient absorption
People with alcohol use disorder display what
secondary malnutrition from maldigestion and malabsorption
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is assoc. with what deficiency
Thiamine
Alcoholics can have deficiencies in what vitamins
Thiamine, folic acid, pyridoxine, vitmain A
Alcohol oxidation by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase results in a
Decrease in Pyruvate
