Alcohol

Question 1

Alcohol becomes what

Answer 1

Preferred fuel displacing other fuels

Question 2

How much is lost in breath/ urine

Answer 2

2-10%

Question 3

Where is ethanol distributed in the body

Answer 3

Evenly distributed through the aqueous phase of the body

Question 4

How does ethanol cross cell membrane

Answer 4

Doesnt need transport proteins

Question 5

What percentage is oxidized in the liver

Answer 5

80-90%

Question 6

Alcohol is absorbed fast but

Answer 6

metabolized slowly

Question 7

Where is alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer 7

Stomach and liver

Question 8

Where is MEO’s

Answer 8

Liver only

Question 9

ADH produces what

Answer 9

Ethanol—> acetaldehyde

Question 10

Where does first pass metabolism occur

Answer 10

Stomach

Question 11

Acetaldehyde is produced by what

Answer 11

ADH & MEO’s

Question 12

What does first pass metabolism do

Answer 12

decreases the bioavailability of ethanol and represents a protective barrier- when small amount is present

Question 13

Gastric barrier is lost when

Answer 13

Alcohol dependence

Question 14

Blood levels are higher in who

Answer 14

women

Question 15

Who has more ADH activity?

Answer 15

Men

Question 16

Who has higher BAC levels

Answer 16

women due to less ADH

Question 17

Metabolic effect of ADH

Answer 17

Generation of NADH in liver

Question 18

Why is NADH accumulation bad

Answer 18

Because there needs to be an equal balance between NADH/NAD+ so NAD+ can go to ETC for energy

Question 19

Lactic acidosis reduces what

Answer 19

Kidneys capacity to excrete uric acid — leading to secondary hyperuricemia

Question 20

Alcohol consumption can precipitate what

Answer 20

Gouty attacks

Question 21

Why are citric acid cycle reactions slowed

Answer 21

Because of reduction of NAD+

Question 22

What can happen with acute alcohol intoxication

Answer 22

Hypoglycemia

Question 23

Ingestion of ethanol preferentially turns pyruvate to what

Answer 23

Lactate

Question 24

Why is Lactate to pyruvate decreased

Answer 24

because of lack of NAD+

Question 25

Pyruvate doesnt turn to ______ when alcohol is present

Answer 25

Glucose- can result in hypoglycemia

Question 26

How do you induce MEOs in the liver

Answer 26

Drink more often

Question 27

Is hepatic ADH inducible?

Answer 27

NO, MEO's are though

Question 28

What accumulates in the liver?

Answer 28

NADPH and NADP+

Question 29

Km for hepatic ADH

Answer 29

1-10mg- high affinity

Question 30

MEO's belong to what class

Answer 30

cytochrome P450s (2E1)

Question 31

Km for 2E1?

Answer 31

50-80mg- low affinity

Question 32

When ia 2E1 most effective?

Answer 32

When large amounts of alcohol are present

Question 33

Who is 2E1 most effective for

Answer 33

People with alcohol dependence

Question 34

When is gastric ADH decreased

Answer 34

People with alcohol dependence

Question 35

When there are more 2E1's what happens

Answer 35

More toxic byproducts

Question 36

When gastric ADH is decreased what happens

Answer 36

All alcohol goes to the liver

Question 37

More MEO's mean what

Answer 37

Enhanced metabolism of alcohol BUT also enhanced metabolism of drugs

Question 38

Effects of Tylenol and ethanol are synergistic because they reduce what

Answer 38

Levels of glutathione

Question 39

In the presence of high amount of 2E1 Tylenol is broken down to what

Answer 39

NAPQ1- toxic metabolite

Question 40

Increased 2E1 may account for what

Answer 40

More cancer, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia

Question 41

Ethanol is converted to what

Answer 41

Equal amounts of Acetaldehyde and acetate

Question 42

What is aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDL)

Answer 42

Mito enzyme with a low Km for acetaldehyde

Question 43

Chronic consumption of ethanol on ALDL

Answer 43

Reduced

Question 44

ALDL catalyzes what reaction

Answer 44

Acetaldehyde + NAD+-----> acetate + NADH

Question 45

High levels of Acetaldehyde lead to what

Answer 45

Effect on proteins and other molecules due to excess free-radical

Question 46

What organs does alcohol effect

Answer 46

Every organ for nutrient absorption

Question 47

People with alcohol use disorder display what

Answer 47

secondary malnutrition from maldigestion and malabsorption

Question 48

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is assoc. with what deficiency

Answer 48

Thiamine

Question 49

Alcoholics can have deficiencies in what vitamins

Answer 49

Thiamine, folic acid, pyridoxine, vitmain A

Question 50

Alcohol oxidation by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase results in a

Answer 50

Decrease in Pyruvate