Akbar Flashcards
birth and parents of akbar
1542
Humayun & Hamida Begum
death of akbar
1605
who ruled the mughal empire until Akbar turned 18
akbar’s guardian - Bairam Khan
what were the two titles of Bairam Khan
ataliq (regent)
khan - i - Khanam
what were the three main challenges faced by akbar during the start of his reign
- rajput rulers gaining power and wanting to drive the mughals away
- Adil Shah wanted Afghan rule in India
- Adham Khan was guilty of conspiracy in his palace
who was adil shah’s general and what was he called and what territories did he conquer
Hemu
Hema Chandra Vikramaditya
Delhi and Agra
Second Battle of Panipat (date)
1556
Second Battle of Panipat (4)
- akbar faced Hema Chandra Vikramaditya’s Army (Mughals vs Afghans)
- even though afghani army had a superior force and better leader, hemu was defeated when his eye was pierced with an arrow. his army was confused and ran away
- this battle firmly re-established the mughal control in delhi, agra, and ajmer
- bairam khan conquered Gwalior, Ajmer and Jaipur until he was finally dismissed to Mecca by Akbar
what territories did akbar conquer (consequently)
malwa (gave Baz Bahadur an important place in his court)
gondwana (gave it back tho)
Gujarat
bengal
kashmir
sindh
kandahar
Berar, Khandesh, Ahmednagar
in 1562, akbar entered into an alliance with who and how
Raja Bhar Mal of Amber
- married his daugther
which rajput state defied akbar’s alliance and what happened (5)
- State of Mewar, lead by Rana Udai Singh
- Akbar marched into Chittor and laid siege for two months
- Jai Mal died trying to keep the mughals at bay
- All the rajputs (men and women) perished
- 1568, Chittor was captured followed by Ranthambore
what happened after the Siege of Malwa (2)
- Rana Udai Singh escaped and built a new capital called Udaipur
- Rana Pratap Singh (his son) organized an army against the mughals
what happened in the battle of Haldighati (2)
- Rana Pratap Singh met Rana Man Singh of Amber and was defeated
- his efforts to recover the fort of Chittor was unsuccessful
who were the officers in the senior council in abkars central administration and what did they do? (5)
wazir/diwan - head of finance department
mir bakshi - head of military department
qazi - chief judge for upholding sharia
vakil - prime minister
mir saman - supervisor of the royal household
private audience hall and public audience hall
diwan - i - khas (had meetings with his senior officers)
diwan - i - Am (akbar meets his subjects and solves their problems)
no of provinces in akbar’s empire
15 (called Subas)
Headed by Subedars and Diwan
who was incharge of town administration
kotwal
further division of subas
sarkars (districts)
headed by officers
further division of sarkars
parganas
headed by officers
further division of parganas
villages
headed by panchayat
what do mansab and mansabdar refer to
mansab - rank or office
mansabdar - one who held a rank in administration
what did the mansab ranks depend on
nature and importance of the job
how were mansabdars/jagirdars payed
In the form of jagirs/land from which a fixed amount of revenue was kept for themselves and their troops
descriptive roll of soldiers
chehra
system of branding horses
dagh
main three sources of income for mughal empire
- land revenue
- agriculture
- trade
with the new changes, what was Sher Suri’s revenue system now called
Todar Mal’s Bandobast (since Todar Mal and Akbar introduced the reforms)
(6) what were the crops grown in the Mughal Empire
wheat
barley
millets
sugarcane
rice
cotton
what was used to measure the land in Todar Mal’s Bandobast
Bamboo sticks (jarib) joined with iron rings (tanabs)
measured land was grouped into categories based on what
period and frequency of cultivation
what were the export items in Mughal empire
textiles, spices, indigo, and saltpetre
with whom did the Mughals trade with
China, Central Asia, Europe - Portugal
(2) what is Ibadat Khana
prayer hall
akbar held religious discussions with scholars, philosophers, priests, missionaries, and religious leaders who explained their religions
through what was akbar able to gain power over the ulemas
the mazhar or declaration that Akar was the supreme and final authority in islamic matters
What was akbars religion
Din - i - Ilahi
state 5 points about Din - i - ilahi
- based on akbar’s principle of Sulh- i - Kul (universal peace)
- combination of religious ideas of the major religions to promote unity and a sense of brotherhood
- akbar found elements of truth and a sense of unity in every religion
- belief in only one god and the emperor is god’s representative on earth
- no holy books, rituals, prayers, priests. it was more a code of conduct
who accepted Din - i - ilahi
Birbal
what 4 things did Akbar do to maintain peace between the rajputs and gain their support (Rajput Policy)
- he treated them with respect as equals and won their loyalty
- he entered into many matrimonial alliances with rajput rulers and princesses
- akbar appointed rajputs to important posts of responsibility thus securing their loyalty and cooperation
- when he defeated rajput rulers in war, he did not annex their territory but allowed them to rule if they paid tribute to Akbar as their overlord
where is Ibadat Khana
Fatehpur Sikri (built in 1575 CE)
what were the three social reforms akbar brought
- prohibition of forced sati
- legal remarriage for widows
- child marriage was discouraged (consent ages became 14 and 16 for girls and boys respectively)
what were the two educational reforms akbar brought
- introduction of secular subjects like maths, logic, history, astronomy, agriculture
- translated many works like Bhagavad Gita, Bible, Vedas, epics, into persian so the middle classes could read and learn
4 writers under akbar’s reign and their works
Abul Fazl - (court historian) akbarnama & Ain - i - Akbar
Faizi (poet laureate) - wrote poems in persian
Birbal - Hindi kaviraj
Tulsidas - Ramcharitmanas
new paintings from Akbar’s reign and what did they depict
- miniature paintings
- daily life as well as court proceedings and events
7 monuments from Akbar’s reign
Fatehpur Sikri (red-sandstone city built for a holy man)
Diwan - I - Khas
Jodha Bai’s Palace
Buland Darwaza
Panch Mahal
Agra Fort
Humayun’s Tomb
most famous musician in akbar’s court and his two achivements
- Tansen
- composed many ragas and developed Hindustani music
9 navratnas of akbar’s court
Abul Fazl
Faizi
Abdul Rahim Khan - I - Khanan
Tansen
Todar Mal
Birbal
Raja Man Singh
Fakir Aziao - Din
Mullah Do Pyaza
jiziya
tax levied by muslim rulers on non-muslim subjects in return for their protection
