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LINGUIST 2L03 > Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types > Flashcards

Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonic airflow

A
  • generated by lungs
  • ingressive and egressive
  • oral stop: egressive
  • basic for speech production
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2
Q

glottic airflow

A
  • larynx is energy source
  • glottis closed so air in lungs stays below glottis
  • The air in the vocal tract above the glottis now functions as a body of air that can be moved by either raising or lowering larynx
  • ejectives: raising larynx
  • implosives: lowering larynx
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3
Q

velaric airflow

A
  • oral airflow
  • complete posterior constriction and more anterior constriction
  • lower tongue body and release air (click)
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4
Q

phonation

A

vocal fold vibrations

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5
Q

5 phonation types

A

1) voicelessness
2) whisper
3) breathy
4) creaky voice
5) modal (normal voice)

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6
Q

whisper

A
  • close approximation of vocal folds
  • vocal folds partially adducted
  • narrow channel produces turbulent air flow sound source
  • highly inefficient
  • whispering consonants: duration of vowel following, duration of consonant, increase volume for voicing
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7
Q

breathy voice

A

vocal folds are slightly separated

  • never complete adduction
  • easier for females as naturally have breathier voice
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8
Q

creaky voice

A
  • vocal folds tightly closed together at posterior and anterior section is slack
  • low frequency vibration
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9
Q

how many consonants IPA symbols

A

83

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10
Q

do all languages have consonants and vowels

A

yes

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11
Q

is there any language with more vowels than consonants

A

no

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12
Q

language with least phonemes

A

Rotokas
5 vowels
6 consonants

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13
Q

language with most phonemes

A

Xu

141 phonemes

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14
Q

consonant number is between

A

6 and 95

mean 23

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15
Q

vowel number is between

A

3 and 46

mean 8

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16
Q

main 3 vowels

A

/i/ /a/ /u/

17
Q

are tense or lax vowels more common

A

tense

18
Q

most rounded vowels are

A

back high

19
Q

most unrounded vowels are

A

front

20
Q

most typical 5 vowels

A

/i e a o u/

21
Q

nasal vowels occur in what % of laguages

A

22%

22
Q

does any language have more nasal than oral vowels

A

no

23
Q

____% of languages have Voiceless plain plosives

A

92%

24
Q

____% of languages have voices plain plosives

A

67%

25
Q

___% of languages har bilabials, dental/alveolar, velar POA

A

99%

26
Q

___% of languages have one or more fricatives

A

93%

27
Q

in a vowel plosive vowel sequence, what 3 things play a major role in production

A
  • oral cavity formation
  • degree and duration of glottal pressure
  • onset of vocal fold vibration for second vowel
28
Q

3 major plosive types

A

voiced
voiceless aspirated
voiceless unaspirated

29
Q

voiced plosives

A
  • voicing is continuous though entire VCV sequence
  • closure duration is typically short
  • no delay between release of constriction and onset of following vowel
  • negative VOT
30
Q

voiceless unaspirated plosive

A
  • absence of voicing during closure after end of first vowel
  • vocal fold vibration ceases
  • voiceless closure duration is long
  • arund 20ms VOT
31
Q

voiceless aspirated plosive

A
  • absence of voicing during closure after end of first vowel
  • vocal fold vibration ceases
  • voiceless closure duration is long
  • vocal folds are not adducted when consonant closure is released > air flows through open glottis and oral cavity
  • substantially long VOT, 40 ms or longer
32
Q

voiced onset time

A

temporal interval between the release of constriction and onset of voicing
categorical perception
important for speech perception

33
Q

how do you measure VOT

A

from the burst to onset of following vowel

use spectrogram to aid finding landmarks

34
Q

how do you see vowel on spectrogram

A

darker patch

35
Q

what is english’s one boundary

A

25 ms

36
Q

what is longer: voiced or voiceless stops

A

voiceless stops

37
Q

Vowels preceding (and often following) voiceless stops are ______ than vowels preceding voiced stops

A

shorter

38
Q

phonological voicing

A

what the IPA says

39
Q

phonetic voicing

A

what we can see in speech signal

LINGUIST 2L03 (10 decks)

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