Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types

Question 1

pulmonic airflow

Answer 1

• generated by lungs
• ingressive and egressive
• oral stop: egressive
• basic for speech production

Question 2

glottic airflow

Answer 2

• larynx is energy source
• glottis closed so air in lungs stays below glottis
• The air in the vocal tract above the glottis now functions as a body of air that can be moved by either raising or lowering larynx
• ejectives: raising larynx
• implosives: lowering larynx

Question 3

velaric airflow

Answer 3

• oral airflow
• complete posterior constriction and more anterior constriction
• lower tongue body and release air (click)

Question 4

phonation

Answer 4

vocal fold vibrations

Question 5

5 phonation types

Answer 5

1) voicelessness
2) whisper
3) breathy
4) creaky voice
5) modal (normal voice)

Question 6

whisper

Answer 6

• close approximation of vocal folds
• vocal folds partially adducted
• narrow channel produces turbulent air flow sound source
• highly inefficient
• whispering consonants: duration of vowel following, duration of consonant, increase volume for voicing

Question 7

breathy voice

Answer 7

vocal folds are slightly separated

• never complete adduction
• easier for females as naturally have breathier voice

Question 8

creaky voice

Answer 8

• vocal folds tightly closed together at posterior and anterior section is slack
• low frequency vibration

Question 9

how many consonants IPA symbols

Answer 9

83

Question 10

do all languages have consonants and vowels

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

is there any language with more vowels than consonants

Answer 11

no

Question 12

language with least phonemes

Answer 12

Rotokas
5 vowels
6 consonants

Question 13

language with most phonemes

Answer 13

Xu

141 phonemes

Question 14

consonant number is between

Answer 14

6 and 95

mean 23

Question 15

vowel number is between

Answer 15

3 and 46

mean 8

Question 16

main 3 vowels

Answer 16

/i/ /a/ /u/

Question 17

are tense or lax vowels more common

Answer 17

tense

Question 18

most rounded vowels are

Answer 18

back high

Question 19

most unrounded vowels are

Answer 19

front

Question 20

most typical 5 vowels

Answer 20

/i e a o u/

Question 21

nasal vowels occur in what % of laguages

Answer 21

22%

Question 22

does any language have more nasal than oral vowels

Answer 22

no

Question 23

____% of languages have Voiceless plain plosives

Answer 23

92%

Question 24

____% of languages have voices plain plosives

Answer 24

67%

Question 25

___% of languages har bilabials, dental/alveolar, velar POA

Answer 25

99%

Question 26

___% of languages have one or more fricatives

Answer 26

93%

Question 27

in a vowel plosive vowel sequence, what 3 things play a major role in production

Answer 27

- oral cavity formation - degree and duration of glottal pressure - onset of vocal fold vibration for second vowel

Question 28

3 major plosive types

Answer 28

voiced voiceless aspirated voiceless unaspirated

Question 29

voiced plosives

Answer 29

- voicing is continuous though entire VCV sequence - closure duration is typically short - no delay between release of constriction and onset of following vowel - negative VOT

Question 30

voiceless unaspirated plosive

Answer 30

- absence of voicing during closure after end of first vowel - vocal fold vibration ceases - voiceless closure duration is long - arund 20ms VOT

Question 31

voiceless aspirated plosive

Answer 31

- absence of voicing during closure after end of first vowel - vocal fold vibration ceases - voiceless closure duration is long - vocal folds are not adducted when consonant closure is released > air flows through open glottis and oral cavity - substantially long VOT, 40 ms or longer

Question 32

voiced onset time

Answer 32

temporal interval between the release of constriction and onset of voicing categorical perception important for speech perception

Question 33

how do you measure VOT

Answer 33

from the burst to onset of following vowel | use spectrogram to aid finding landmarks

Question 34

how do you see vowel on spectrogram

Answer 34

darker patch

Question 35

what is english's one boundary

Answer 35

25 ms

Question 36

what is longer: voiced or voiceless stops

Answer 36

voiceless stops

Question 37

Vowels preceding (and often following) voiceless stops are ______ than vowels preceding voiced stops

Answer 37

shorter

Question 38

phonological voicing

Answer 38

what the IPA says

Question 39

phonetic voicing

Answer 39

what we can see in speech signal