Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types Flashcards
pulmonic airflow
- generated by lungs
- ingressive and egressive
- oral stop: egressive
- basic for speech production
glottic airflow
- larynx is energy source
- glottis closed so air in lungs stays below glottis
- The air in the vocal tract above the glottis now functions as a body of air that can be moved by either raising or lowering larynx
- ejectives: raising larynx
- implosives: lowering larynx
velaric airflow
- oral airflow
- complete posterior constriction and more anterior constriction
- lower tongue body and release air (click)
phonation
vocal fold vibrations
5 phonation types
1) voicelessness
2) whisper
3) breathy
4) creaky voice
5) modal (normal voice)
whisper
- close approximation of vocal folds
- vocal folds partially adducted
- narrow channel produces turbulent air flow sound source
- highly inefficient
- whispering consonants: duration of vowel following, duration of consonant, increase volume for voicing
breathy voice
vocal folds are slightly separated
- never complete adduction
- easier for females as naturally have breathier voice
creaky voice
- vocal folds tightly closed together at posterior and anterior section is slack
- low frequency vibration
how many consonants IPA symbols
83
do all languages have consonants and vowels
yes
is there any language with more vowels than consonants
no
language with least phonemes
Rotokas
5 vowels
6 consonants
language with most phonemes
Xu
141 phonemes
consonant number is between
6 and 95
mean 23
vowel number is between
3 and 46
mean 8
main 3 vowels
/i/ /a/ /u/
are tense or lax vowels more common
tense
most rounded vowels are
back high
most unrounded vowels are
front
most typical 5 vowels
/i e a o u/
nasal vowels occur in what % of laguages
22%
does any language have more nasal than oral vowels
no
____% of languages have Voiceless plain plosives
92%
____% of languages have voices plain plosives
67%
___% of languages har bilabials, dental/alveolar, velar POA
99%
___% of languages have one or more fricatives
93%
in a vowel plosive vowel sequence, what 3 things play a major role in production
- oral cavity formation
- degree and duration of glottal pressure
- onset of vocal fold vibration for second vowel
3 major plosive types
voiced
voiceless aspirated
voiceless unaspirated
voiced plosives
- voicing is continuous though entire VCV sequence
- closure duration is typically short
- no delay between release of constriction and onset of following vowel
- negative VOT
voiceless unaspirated plosive
- absence of voicing during closure after end of first vowel
- vocal fold vibration ceases
- voiceless closure duration is long
- arund 20ms VOT
voiceless aspirated plosive
- absence of voicing during closure after end of first vowel
- vocal fold vibration ceases
- voiceless closure duration is long
- vocal folds are not adducted when consonant closure is released > air flows through open glottis and oral cavity
- substantially long VOT, 40 ms or longer
voiced onset time
temporal interval between the release of constriction and onset of voicing
categorical perception
important for speech perception
how do you measure VOT
from the burst to onset of following vowel
use spectrogram to aid finding landmarks
how do you see vowel on spectrogram
darker patch
what is english’s one boundary
25 ms
what is longer: voiced or voiceless stops
voiceless stops
Vowels preceding (and often following) voiceless stops are ______ than vowels preceding voiced stops
shorter
phonological voicing
what the IPA says
phonetic voicing
what we can see in speech signal
