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Module 1 Basic > Airspace and Separation > Flashcards

Airspace and Separation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a CTR?

A

Control Zone - A controlled airspace extending from the ground to a specified upper limit.

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2
Q

What is a TMA?

A

Terminal Control/Manoeuvring Area - A controlled airspace situated above a CTR an extending to FL245.

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3
Q

Where does lower airspace end?

A

FL245

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4
Q

Where is upper airspace situated?

A

Above FL245 up to FL660/unlimited

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5
Q

What is controlled airspace?

A

An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with airspace classification. Classes A-E

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6
Q

What are the classes of uncontrolled airspace?

A

Class F (Advisory) and Class G

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7
Q

What types of traffic are located in class A airspace?

A

IFR only

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8
Q

What types of traffic are allowed in class B-G airspace?

A

IFR and VFR traffic

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9
Q

ATS airspace classification contains standards and regulations as to the… (9)

A
  • Type of flight allowed (IFR/VFR)
  • Separation provided
  • Service provided
  • Speed limitation
  • Radio communication requirement
  • ATC clearance required
  • VMC criteria
  • Dimensions
  • Activation times
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10
Q

According to SERA, how shall states designate airspace classes?

A

According to their needs accept above FL195 which shall be classified as class C airspace.

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11
Q

What is an FIR?

A

Flight information region. An area of defined dimensions within which a FIS and ALRS is provided. Dilineation should be related to route structure rather than national boundaries.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Class A airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR only
Separation provided: All flights
Service provided: All flights air traffic control service
Speed limitation: None
Radio communication: Continuous 2 way for all flights
ATC clearance: All flights

VMC criteria: IFR flights only. VMC minima given as guidance only.

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Class B airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR and VFR
Separation provided: All flights
Service provided: All flights air traffic control service
Speed limitation: None
Radio communication: Continuous 2 way for all flights
ATC clearance: All flights

VMC criteria:
Visibility ≥ FL100: 8km
Visibility < FL100: 5km
Horizontal distance from clouds: 1500m
Vertical distance from clouds: 1000ft

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Class C airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR and VFR
Separation provided: IFR-IFR, IFR-VFR and VFR-IFR. VFR provided with traffic and avoidance info about other VFR on request.
Service provided: All flights air traffic control service
Speed limitation: VFR - MAX 250Kt IAS below FL100
Radio communication: All flights continuous 2 way
ATC clearance: All flights

VMC criteria: 
Level ≥ FL100: Visibility 8km
Level < FL100: Visibility 5km
Horizontal distance from clouds: 1500m
Vertical distance from clouds: 1000ft

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Class D airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR and VFR
Separation provided: IFR-IFR. IFR given traffic and avoidance info about VFR on request. VFR given traffic and avoidance info about all other flights on request.
Service provided: All flights air traffic control service
Speed limitation: All flights MAX 250kt IAS below FL100
Radio communication: All flights continuous 2 way
ATC clearance: All flights

VMC criteria:
Level ≥ FL100: Visibility 8km
Level < FL100: Visibility 5km
Horizontal distance from clouds: 1500m
Vertical distance from clouds: 1000ft

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Class E airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR and VFR
Separation provided : IFR-IFR. All flights provided with traffic information as far practical.
Service provided: IFR flights air traffic control service. VFR flights FIS and ALRS.
Speed limitation: All flights MAX 250kt IAS below FL100
Radio communication: IFR flights continuous 2 way
ATC clearance: IFR only

VMC criteria:
Level ≥ FL100: Visibility 8km
Level < FL100: Visibility 5km
Horizontal distance from clouds: 1500m
Vertical distance from clouds: 1000ft

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Class F airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR and VFR
Separation provided: IFR-IFR as far as practical
Service provided: IFR - ADVS. All flights receive FIS and ALRS on request
Speed limitation: All flights MAX250kt IAS below FL100
Radio communication: IFR under ADVS continuous 2 way
ATC clearance: Not required

VMC criteria:
Level ≥ FL100: Visibility 8km
3000ft < Level < FL100: Visibility 5km

Level ≤ 3000ft AMSL or 1000ft AGL whichever is higher:
Visibility not less than 1500m for flights at 140kt IAS or less or areas of low traffic volume (Not less than 800m for helicopters at a speed adequate for collision avoidance)
Distance from cloud: Clear of cloud with surface in sight

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Class G airspace?

A

Type of flights allowed: IFR and VFR
Separation provided: None
Service provided: All flights receive FIS and ALRS on request
Speed limitation: All flights MAX250kt IAS below FL100
Radio communication: IFR must be capable of continuous 2 way
ATC clearance: Not required

VMC criteria:
Level ≥ FL100: Visibility 8km
3000ft < Level < FL100: Visibility 5km

Level ≤ 3000ft AMSL or 1000ft AGL whichever is higher:
Visibility not less than 1500m for flights at 140kt IAS or less or areas of low traffic volume (Not less than 800m for helicopters at a speed adequate for collision avoidance)
Distance from cloud: Clear of cloud with surface in sight

Dimensions: As in AIP
Activation times: As in AIP

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19
Q

What is VMC minima below which a VFR flight is unable to take off or land at controlled aerodromes or enter an ATZ or circuit?

A

Ceiling: Less than 1500ft
Ground visibility: Less than 5km

Unless SVFR clearance has been obtained

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20
Q

What is an RMZ?

A

Radio Mandatory Zone - An airspace of defined dimensions wherein the carriage and operation of radio equipment is mandatory. Can be established within Class E, F and G airspace.

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21
Q

What should an initial call being made by a pilot before entering an RMZ consist of?

A

Station designation, callsign, type, position, level, intentions, any other information as prescribed by appropriate authority.

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22
Q

What is a TMZ?

A

Transponder Mandatory Zone - An airspace of define dimensions wherein carriage and operation transponder capable of Modes A and C (or S) is mandatory.

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23
Q

What is GAT?

A

General Air Traffic - All flights conducted in accordance with the rules and regulations of ICAO and/or the national civil aviation regulations and legislation. Can include military flights for which ICAO rules and procedures satisfy entirely their operational requirements.

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24
Q

What is OAT?

A

Operational Air Traffic - All flights which do not comply with GAT provisions and for which ICAO rules and procedures have been specified by appropriate national authorities. Can include civil flights like test flights which may require deviation from ICAO rules to satisfy their operational requirements.

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25
Q

What is a prohibited area?

A

An airspace of defined dimensions above land or territorial waters of a state within which flight of ACFT is prohibited

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26
Q

What is a dangerous area?

A

An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to ACFT may exist at specified times.

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27
Q

What is a restricted area?

A

An airspace of defined dimensions above land or territorial waters of a state within which the flight of ACFT is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions.

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28
Q

What is a TRA?

A

Temporary Reserved Area - A defined volume of airspace normally under the jurisdiction of one aviation authority and temporarily reserved for a specific use by another aviation authority and through which other traffic MAY BE ALLOWED TO TRANSIT under ATC clearance.

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29
Q

What is a TSA?

A

Temporary Segregated Area - A defined volume of airspace normally under the jurisdiction of one aviation authority and temporarily reserved for a specific use by another aviation authority and through which other traffic WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO TRANSIT.

30
Q

What is a FRA?

A

Free Route Airspace - A specified airspace within which users can freely plan a route between a define entry and exit points without using an ATS route. Flights remain subject to air traffic control.

31
Q

What is a CBA?

A

Cross Border Area - An airspace restriction or reservation established over international borders for specific operational requirements. May take the form of a TRA or TSA.

32
Q

What is an ATS Route?

A

A specified route used for channeling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. It can mean variously airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route etc. They are established for en-route navigation and SIDs/STARs.

33
Q

What is an ATS route defined by?

A
  • Route designator
  • Track to/from significant points
  • Distance between significant points
  • Reporting requirements
  • Lowest safe altitude
34
Q

What is an ATS designator composed of?

A

Optional prefix: U for upper, K for kopter (Heli) or S for supersonic.

Basic designator - 1 letter and number from 1-999

Additional letter - F for advisory, G for FIS only

35
Q

What are the 3 categories of significant point?

A

Ground based navaid, intersection and waypoints. They can be either compulsory or on request (non-compulsory)

36
Q

What is a CDR?

A

Conditional Route - They can be planned/used under certain conditions and allow more direct and alternative routes and link to the ATS network.

CDR1: Permanently available for planning
CDR2: Only plannable in accordance with AUP/EAUP
CDR3: Not available for planning - Can be used tactically by ATC.

37
Q

What is a SID?

A

Standard Instrument Departure - An IFR route which links an aerodrome or specified RWY to a significant point (normally on an ATS route) at which the en-route phase begins

38
Q

What is a STAR?

A

Standard Arrival - An IFR route which links a significant point (normally on an ATS route) with an IAF from which a published IAP commences.

39
Q

What do SID/STAR designators consist of?

A

Basic indicator - Significant points where SID ends/STAR starts.

Validity Indicator - Number from 1-9 identifying the route currently in effect.

Route indicator - Any letter except I or O

Words departure or arrival shall be used in plain language

For visual SIDs/STARs the word visual is also used in plain language

40
Q

What is the standard vertical separation?

A

1000ft below FL290
2000ft above FL290

In RVSM designated airspace, if ACFT able to comply, 1000ft separation may continue up to FL410

41
Q

How is vertical separation applied?

A

By requiring ACFT using prescribed altimeter settings to operate at different levels expressed as flight levels or altitudes.

ACFT at cruising level normally have priority over ACFT requesting cruising level. If 2 or more ACFT at same level, preceding ACFT normally has priority

42
Q

During a climb/descent, why would an ACFT not be cleared to a level previously occupied by another ACFT (which has reported vacating the level)?

A
  • Severe turbulence known to exist.
  • The higher ACFT is in a cruise climb.
  • Difference in ACFT performance is as such that less than the separation minimum may result
43
Q

Why might separation minima be infringed during descent by ACFT in a hold?

A

ACFT descend at different rates so it may be necessary for controllers to specify descent rates

44
Q

What is the maximum tolerance value used to verify the level information displayed when using SSR?

A

+/- 200ft

45
Q

When is an ACFT considered to be maintaining an assigned level?

A

If the level read out is within and not more than 200ft

46
Q

When is an ACFT considered to have vacated a level?

A

When the level read out indicates a change of more than 300ft in the anticipated direction

47
Q

When is an ACFT considered to have crossed a level?

A

When the level read out indicates it has passed this level in the required direction by more than 300ft

48
Q

When is an ACFT considered to have reached a level?

A

After 3 updates or 15 seconds, whichever is greater and the level information indicates it is within and not less than 200ft if the assigned level

49
Q

What is emergency vertical separation and when may it be applied?

A

Half the prescribed vertical separation.

  • In the event of complete ATS failure and procedural separation cannot be applied immediately.
  • During an emergency situation if it is impossible to apply and maintain horizontal separation
50
Q

What is essential traffic?

A

Controlled traffic to which separation by ATC is applicable, but which is not, or will not be separated by the appropriate separation minimum

51
Q

What is essential traffic information?

A

Given to controlled flights concerned whenever they constitute essential traffic to each other. To be provided to all ACFT in an emergency situation.

Includes:

  • Direction of flight of ACFT concerned.
  • Type and WTC (if relevant) of the ACFT concerned
  • Cruising level of ACFT concerned and estimated time over reporting point nearest to where the level will be crossed or relative bearing and distance of the ACFT concerned in terms of the 12 hour clock.
  • Actual or estimated position of the ACFT concerned
52
Q

What are the required conditions in which a flight may be cleared to fly maintaining own separation in respect of a specific portion of a flight?

A
  • Daytime only and at or below FL100.
  • Procedure is applied during climb or descent.
  • Only in VMC in airspace classes D and E.
  • Pilot requests this procedure, the pilot of the other ACFT agrees to this procedure and ATS authorises it.
  • Procedure is limited to a specified time or a specified point/level.
  • If VMC not possible, inform ATC and proceed in accordance to alternative instructions given.
53
Q

How is lateral separation achieved in terms of geographical location?

A

By position reports with reference to the same or different geographical locations which positively indicate ACFTs position. Can be determined either visually or by reference to a navaid.

54
Q

What is lateral horizontal separation based on?

A

Track and geographical position.

55
Q

When are 2 ACFT deemed to be laterally separated using a VOR?

A

When both ACFT are established on radials that diverge by at least 15° and at least 1 ACFT is 15NM from the VOR.

56
Q

When are 2 ACFT deemed to be laterally separated using a NDB?

A

When both ACFT are on tracks that diverge by at least 30° and at least 1 ACFT is 15NM from the NDB.

57
Q

When are 2 ACFT deemed to be laterally separated if using GNSS/GNSS

A

Both ACFT on a track between 2 waypoints with zero offset and at least 1 ACFT is at a minimum distance from a common point specified as:

Angular difference at common point between 15° and 135° Distance from common point of 15NM if between FL010 and FL190 and 23NM if between FL200 and FL600.

58
Q

When are 2 ACFT deemed to be laterally separated if using VOR/GNSS

A

One ACFT on a radial to or from a VOR and the other ACFT (using GNSS) on a track between 2 waypoints with zero offset and at least 1 ACFT is at a minimum distance from a common point specified as:

Angular difference at common point between 15° and 135° Distance from common point of 15NM if between FL010 and FL190 and 23NM if between FL200 and FL600.

59
Q

For ACFT separated longitudinally, what should be done if separation minima is expected to be infringed?

A

Speed control should be applied to ensure that separation is maintained.

60
Q

On what is longitudinal separation based on and how is this achieved?

A

Based on either time or distance so that spacing between the estimated positions of ACFT are never less than the prescribed minima.

Achieved by requiring ACFT to:

  • Depart at a specific time
  • Arrive over a geographical location at a specified time.
  • Hold over a geographical location until a specified time.
61
Q

When applying longitudinal separation, in which 3 ways can the relative direction of ACFT be described?

A
  • Same direction traffic
  • Opposite direction traffic
  • Crossing traffic
62
Q

When are ACFT considered to be on the same track, reciprocal/opposite track or crossing track?

A

Same Track - When the track of one ACFT is separated from the track of the other by less than 45°.

Reciprocal/opposite Track - When the track of one ACFT is separated from the reciprocal track of the other by less than 45°.

Crossing Track - Intersecting tracks not classed as same or reciprocal tracks.

63
Q

What are the longitudinal separations based on time between ACFT at the same cruising level and on the same track?

A

15 minutes.

or…

10 minutes if navaids permit frequent determination of ACFT position and speed

or…

5 minutes if preceding ACFT is 20+kts faster AND either:

  • ACFT have departed from the same AD or…
  • En-route ACFT have reported over exactly the same point or…
  • En-route ACFT has reported over a fix that ensures 5 mins separation at the point of departure ACFT will join the air route.

or…

3 minutes if preceding ACFT is 40+kts faster (subject to same conditions as 5 minutes separation).

64
Q

What are the longitudinal separations based on time between ACFT at the same cruising level and on crossing tracks?

A

15 minutes at the point of track intersection.

or…

10 minutes if navaids permit frequent determination of ACFT position and speed.

65
Q

What are the longitudinal separations based on time between ACFT climbing or descending on the same track?

A

15 minutes

or…

10 minutes if navaids permit frequent determination of ACFT position and speed.

66
Q

What is the longitudinal separation based on time between ACFT on opposite/reciprocal tracks?

A

Vertical separation must be provided for at least 10 minutes prior to and after the estimated time of passing.

Unless it is confirmed that the ACFT have passed each other by information derived from ATS surveillance, visual sighting report from both pilots or position reports.

67
Q

What is the longitudinal separation based on distance established with reference to?

A

DME and/or GNSS.

68
Q

What are the longitudinal separations based on distance between ACFT on the same cruising level and track?

A

20NM***

or…

10NM if preceding ACFT is 20+kts faster and***

***The ACFT utilise:
- Same on track DME station or…
- An on track DME and a colocated waypoint or…
- The same way point
and…
Separation is checked by obtaining simultaneous readings from each ACFT at frequent intervals.

69
Q

What are the longitudinal separations based on distance between ACFT at the same cruising level and on crossing tracks?

A

20NM at the point of track intersection***

or…

10NM at the point of track intersection if preceding ACFT is 20+kts faster***

***Provided that GNSS/DME readings are obtained from each ACFT from the facility located at the crossing point or fix point of the tracks and the relative angle between the ACFTS tracks is less than 90°.

70
Q

What are the longitudinal separations based on distance between ACFT climbing or descending on the same track?

A

10NM at the time the levels are crossed provided each ACFT utilise

  • Same on track DME station or…
  • An on track DME and a colocated waypoint or…
  • The same way point

and…

One ACFT maintains a level while vertical separation does not exist and separation is checked by obtaining simultaneous readings from each ACFT at frequent intervals.

71
Q

What is the longitudinal separation based on distance between ACFT on opposite/reciprocal tracks?

A

Vertical separation must be provided for at least 10 NM prior to and after the estimated time of passing.

Unless it is confirmed that the ACFT have passed each other by information derived from ATS surveillance, visual sighting report from both pilots or position reports.

Module 1 Basic (12 decks)

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