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CFI (800) > Airplane Systems > Flashcards

Airplane Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are elevators?

A

Attached to horizontal stabilizer

Used to control pitch about the lateral axis

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2
Q

What are ailerons?

A

Moveable surfaces attached to trailing edge of each wing

Used to roll/bank the airplane about the longitudinal axis

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3
Q

What is the rudder?

A

Attached to the vertical stabilizer

Used to yaw the airplane about the vertical axis

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4
Q

Explain what moveable trim devices are, and what they do.

A

Small tabs attached to the trailing edge of control surfaces

Used to relieve control pressures

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5
Q

How do elevator trim tabs move?

A

Trimming nose-up causes the trim tab to move up, forcing the tail downward and the nose up
Trimming nose-down causes the trim tab to move down, forcing the tail upward and the nose down

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6
Q

What are flaps, and what is their function?

A

Moveable panels on the inboard trailing edges of the wings
Increase both lift and drag
Permit steeper descents at slower airspeeds
Can be used to shorten takeoff distances

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7
Q

Define plain flap.

A

Simplest design, hinged panel
Produces significant increase in coefficient of lift, as well as drag
CP moves aft, causing nose-down pitching moment

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8
Q

Define split flap.

A

Deflected from lower surface of airfoil

Produces slight increase in lift, but greater increase in drag (because of turbulent air behind wing)

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9
Q

Define slotted flap.

A

Increases lift coefficient significantly more than plain or split flaps
Air passing through duct created when flap is deployed delays airflow separation

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10
Q

Define Fowler flap.

A

Slotted flap that changes the camber of the wing, and increases wing area
First extension greatly increases lift
Further extensions greatly increase drag

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11
Q

What are slots and slats?

A

Direct high energy air from under the wing to over the wing, accelerating airflow and increasing lift
Slats act as moveable slots

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12
Q

What are spoilers?

A

Located on the upper surface of the wing

Used as “speed brakes” to slow the airplane down

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13
Q

Which instruments operate from the pitot-static system?

A

Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Vertical speed indicator

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14
Q

What is an alternate static air system?

A

Draws static pressure from inside the cabin

Used if the external static port becomes blocked

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15
Q

How does an altimeter work?

A

Aneroid wafers expand/contract with changes in static pressure
Drives shaft/gear linkage

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16
Q

What errors in the altimeter are caused by temperature/pressure changes?

A

High temperature-altimeter indicates lower than actual
Low temperature-altimeter indicates higher than actual
High pressure-altimeter indicates lower than actual
Low pressure-altimeter indicates higher than actual

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17
Q

What is indicated altitude?

A

Read from altimeter set to current altimeter setting

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18
Q

What is pressure altitude?

A

Read from altimeter when set to 29.92

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19
Q

What is true altitude?

A

Actual vertical distance above sea level

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20
Q

What is density altitude?

A

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

Used to calculate takeoff, climb, and landing performance

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21
Q

What is absolute altitude?

A

Vertical distance above surface/terrain

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22
Q

How does an airspeed indicator work?

A

Measures difference between impact pressure (pitot) and static pressure

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23
Q

What is a limitation of the airspeed indicator?

A

Location of pitot tube, needs uninterrupted airflow

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24
Q

What is position error, with respect to the airspeed indicator?

A

Caused by erroneous sensing of static port(s) due to slipstream

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25
Q

What is density error, with respect to the airspeed indicator?

A

ASI cannot detect changes in altitude or temperature

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26
Q

What is compressibility error, with respect to the airspeed indicator?

A

Caused by packing of air in the pitot tube at high speeds

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27
Q

What does the lower limit of the white arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vso-stalling speed in landing configuration

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28
Q

What does the upper limit of the white arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vfe-maximum flap extension speed

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29
Q

What does the green arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Normal operating range

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30
Q

What does the lower limit of the green arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vs1-clean (or specified configuration) stall speed

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31
Q

What does the upper limit of the green arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vno-maximum structural cruise speed

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32
Q

What does the yellow arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Caution range-operations in smooth air only

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33
Q

What does the red line on the ASI indicate?

A

Vne-never exceed speed

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34
Q

What are some V-speeds that are not indicated on the ASI?

A 
Va-design maneuvering speed
Vlo-landing gear operating speed
Vle-landing gear extended speed
Vx-best angle of climb speed
Vy-best rate of climb speed
35
Q

How does a vertical speed indicator work?

A

Calibrated leak inside the instrument case that registers rate of pressure change

36
Q

What is the main limitation of the vertical speed indicator?

A

Not accurate until aircraft is stabilized

37
Q

Which flight instruments contain gyroscopes?

A

Attitude indicator
Heading indicator/directional gyro
Turn coordinator

38
Q

What are the two fundamental properties of a gyroscope?

A

Rigidity in space

Precession

39
Q

How are the gyroscopes powered in most modern training airplanes?

A

AI and DG powered by vacuum system

TC electrically powered

40
Q

How does the vacuum system work?

A

Air is drawn in through a filter by an engine-driven pump, and directed to the gyroscopic instruments

41
Q

What are some limitations of the attitude indicator?

A

Pitch limits of 60-70
Bank limits of 100-110
Exceeding limits will cause instrument to “tumble”

42
Q

What is the main error of the heading indicator/directional gyro?

A

Will tend to drift from heading to which it was set

Needs to be aligned with compass periodically

43
Q

What information does a turn coordinator show?

A

Approximate rate of turn

Coordination of turn

44
Q

What is a skidding turn?

A

Too much rate of turn for amount of bank

Ball is to the outside of the turn

45
Q

What is a slipping turn?

A

Not enough rate of turn for the amount of bank

Ball is to the inside of the turn

46
Q

How does a magnetic compass work?

A

Magnetized needle, attached to card, floats in sealed bowl of white kerosene
Needle aligns itself parallel to the lines of earth’s magnetic force

47
Q

What is oscillation error, with respect to a magnetic compass?

A

Erratic movement caused by turbulence/rough control

48
Q

What is deviation error, with respect to the magnetic compass?

A

Caused by electrical/magnetic disturbances within the aircraft

49
Q

What is variation error, with respect to the magnetic compass?

A

Angular difference between true and magnetic north

50
Q

What is acceleration error, with respect to the magnetic compass?

A

On east or west headings, acceleration shows a turn to the north, and deceleration shows a turn to the south
ANDS-Accelerate North, Decelerate South

51
Q

What is the northerly turning error, with respect to the magnetic compass?

A

Compass leads in the south half of a turn, and lags in the north half of a turn
UNOS-Undershoot North, Overshoot South

52
Q

What components of a typical GA aircraft would be considered parts of the hydraulic system?

A

Retractable landing gear
Air/oil struts
Hydraulic brakes

53
Q

What are the basic characteristics of the engine in a typical training aircraft?

A 
Normally aspirated
Direct drive
Air cooled
Horizontally opposed
Carburetor/fuel injection
54
Q

Describe the four strokes of a typical, piston-driven engine.

A

Intake-downward, fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder
Compression-upward, mixture is compressed
Power-downward, mixture is ignited, forcing piston down/creating power
Exhaust-upward, burned gases pushed out through the exhaust valve

55
Q

What does a carburetor do?

A

Vaporizes fuel and mixes it with air to form a combustible mixture

56
Q

How does carburetor heat work?

A

Unfiltered air from a shroud around the exhaust is redirected to the carburetor

57
Q

What is fuel injection?

A

Fuel/air mixture is injected directly into cylinders, or into intake manifold ahead of intake valves

58
Q

What are some advantages of fuel injection?

A 
Reduction in evaporative icing
Better fuel flow
Faster throttle response
Precise control of mixture
Better fuel distribution
Easier cold weather starts
59
Q

What are some disadvantages of fuel injection?

A

Difficulty starting a hot engine/vapor lock

60
Q

What is an alternate air induction system?

A

Brings airflow to engine if primary induction inlets become blocked by ice

61
Q

What does the throttle do?

A

Allows pilot to control amount of fuel/air mixture going to cylinders

62
Q

What does the mixture control do?

A

Regulates air/fuel ratio

Allows pilot to reduce amount of fuel to compensate for reduced air density

63
Q

What does a turbocharger do?

A

Compresses air, allowing aircraft to maintain performance at higher altitudes
Turbine, driven by exhaust gases, drives compressor

64
Q

How are cowl flaps used?

A

Open during startup, taxi, takeoff, and climb
Adjusted during cruise to maintain optimal CHT
Closed during descent, approach, and landing

65
Q

What are the two types of fixed-pitch propellers?

A

Climb-lower pitch, less drag, higher rpm, decreased cruise performance
Cruise-higher pitch, more drag, lower, rpm, reduced climb performance

66
Q

How does a constant speed (variable pitch) propeller work?

A

Engine rpm is governed by propeller blade angle

Propeller control sets limit on propeller governor which, in turn, maintains engine speed

67
Q

Describe the components of the fuel system in a typical, low-wing, training aircraft.

A 
Wing-mounted tanks
Tank selector valve
Inline, electrically driven fuel pump
Inline fuel strainer/filter
Engine driven, mechanical fuel pump
68
Q

When is the electrical fuel pump typically used?

A

During startup
When changing selected fuel tank
During takeoff and climb
During approach and landing

69
Q

What is the purpose of fuel tank vents?

A

Allow air to enter tanks to replace the fuel that is used

70
Q

What are the colors of the various grades of fuel?

A

80-red
100-green
100LL-blue
Jet A-colorless/straw

71
Q

What does the manual primer do?

A

Injects fuel directly into one or more cylinders, to assist in engine start

72
Q

What equipment is powered by the aircraft electrical system?

A 
Radios
Turn coordinator
Fuel gauges
Pitot heat
Interior/exterior lights
Oil temperature, CHT, EGT gauges
Flaps (if equipped)
Landing gear pump (if equipped)
73
Q

What are the advantages of dual ignition systems in aircraft engines?

A

Redundancy

Efficiency

74
Q

What are the 3 most common types of oxygen systems?

A

Continuous flow
Diluter-demand
Pressure-demand

75
Q

What is a pressurized aircraft?

A

Sealed fuselage
Pressurized air pumped in
Cabin pressure altitude of 8000’ typically maintained
Allows aircraft to fly at higher altitudes

76
Q

How is cabin pressure monitored in a pressurized aircraft?

A

Cabin differential pressure gauge-difference between cabin/ambient pressures
Cabin altimeter-used to verify system performance

77
Q

What is the difference between a de-ice and an anti-ice system?

A

De-ice-eliminates ice already formed

Anti-ice-prevents ice from forming

78
Q

What is AHRS?

A

Attitude and heading reference system
Sensors provide heading, attitude, and yaw information
Replaces vacuum-driven gyroscopic system

79
Q

What is an ADC?

A

Air data computer

Receives/processes pitot-static information

80
Q

What is a PFD?

A

Primary flight display

Replaces traditional “6-pack” flight instruments

81
Q

What is an MFD?

A

Multi-function display

Can be used to display engine instruments, GPS, terrain awareness, etc.

82
Q

What is an FD?

A

Flight director
Analyzes navigation signals and aircraft parameters
Provides steering instructions on the PFD

83
Q

What is an FMS?

A

Flight management system

Database for programming routes, approaches, procedures, calculating time, distance, range, and fuel burn

84
Q

Describe the position lights on an aircraft?

A

Red light on left wingtip
Green light on right wingtip
White light either on vertical stabilizer, or rear of both wingtips

CFI (800) (17 decks)

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