Air Concept Flashcards
Long-term symptoms from exposure to air polluntans may include ____?
- central nervous system damage
- endocrine disruption
- cancer
How many deaths are caused by air pollution annually?
50,000 in US 7 million worldwide (1 in 8)
How much air do we breathe per day?
15,000 liters
What are the 6 major air pollutants?
SPLONCo
- Sulfur
- Particultates (PM10 and PM 2.5)
- Lead
- Ozone
- Nitrogen
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
F01 - Air Quality
p1- VOCs and Formaldehyde limits
p2- Which are the 2 Particulate and the 2 Gases and their limits?
p3- Radon
(Volatile Substance, Particulate and Inorganic Gases, Radon)
p1-
- Formaldehyde < 27 ppb
- VOCs < 500 µg/m3
p2- CoPPO
- CO < 9 ppm
- PM 2,5 < 15 µg/m3
- PM 10 < 50 µg/m3
- O3 < 51 ppb
p3-
-
Radon < 4pCi/L
measured at lowest occupied level
F02 - Smoking Ban (Indoor, Outdoor)
How much does smoking shorten life expectancy?
How much premature deaths?
10 years
400.000 in U.S.
F02 - Smoking Ban (Indoor, Outdoor)
How many ingredients are in a cigarette and how many are toxic?
600 ingredients 7,000 compounds 69 are known carcinogens
F02 - Smoking Ban (Indoor, Outdoor)
p1- Smoking indoor is prohibited
p2- Outdoor Ban: How large is the area in which smoking is banned and what we have to include?
p2 - Full Ban within 7,5 m entrances, all patios, operable windows, building air intakes.
Including signs about smoking hazards along all walkways beyond 7,5 m with signs every 30 m
F03 - Ventilation effectiveness
p1- Mechanical and Natural Ventilation: standards for adequate mechanical and natural ventilation?
p1- Natural Ventilation: ambient air quality within 1 mile is compliant with?
(Ventilation design, Demand Ventilation, System Balancing)
p1-Mech. and Nat. Ventilation → ASHRAE 62.1.2013
p1-Nat. Ventilation → within 1 mile
-
NAAQs (of EPA’s)
or - passes Feature 01 Air Quality Standard for 95% of all hours in previous year
NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards)
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
F03 - Ventilation effectiveness (Ventilation design, Demand Ventilation, System Balancing)
p2- Demand Controlled Ventilation system is used to keep CO2 levels below ___ppm, when the space is ___ or larger and occupancy is more than ___ people per _____
CO2 < 800 ppm
for spaces:
> 46,5 m2
> 25 ab. / 93 m2
F03 - Ventilation effectiveness (Ventilation design, Demand Ventilation, System Balancing)
p3- System Balancing: When does HVAC system get tested and balanced? What is the documentation required? (2)
Before occupancy with a:
- Letter of Assurance by MEP or Contractor
- Commissioning Report
F04 - VOC Reduction
p1- Interior paints: need to meet 1 of which 3 requirements/standards?
(Paints an Coating, Adeshives and Sealent, Flooring, Insulation, Furnishing)
100% → CARB, SCM or SCAQMD
90% by volume → CDPH
All → ASTM standards
CARB (California Air Resource Board)
SCAQMD (South Coast Air Quality Management District)
CDPH (California Department of Public Health)
ASTM (American Society of Testing & Materials, 12,000 standards)
What’s ASTM?
American Society of Testing & Materials, 12,000 standards
F04 - VOC Reduction
(Paints an Coating, Adeshives and Sealent, Flooring, Insulation, Furnishing)
p2- Adhesives and Sealants: need to meet 1 of which 3 requirements?
100% → SCAQMD
90% by volume → CDPH
All → ASTM standards
CARB (California Air Resource Board)
SCAQMD (South Coast Air Quality Management District)
CDPH (California Department of Public Health)
ASTM (American Society of Testing & Materials, 12,000 standards)
F04 - VOC Reduction
(Paints an Coating, Adeshives and Sealent, Flooring, Insulation, Furnishing)
p3 - p4 - Flooring and insulation: both must meet what standard?
all newly installed → CDPH
CDPH (California Department of Public Health)
F04 - VOC Reduction
(Paints an Coating, Adeshives and Sealent, Flooring, Insulation, Furnishing)
p5 - Furniture must meet what standard?
95% by cost —> ANSI/BIFMA or CDPH
ANSI/BIFMA (Furniture Sustainability Standard)
CDPH (California Department of Public Health)
F05 - Air Filtration
p1 - Filter Accomodation: What two things must projects with recirculated air systems be able to accomodate?
(Accomodation, Particle, Maintenance)
Rack space for filter and Capacity for future implementation
F05 - Air Filtration
p2 - Particle Filtration
What size MERV filter is used for outdoor air?
Ambient outdoor PM10 and PM 2.5 levels measured ____ distance from building are measured below F01 Air quality ____how long
(Accomodation, Particle, Maintenance)
MERV 13 or higher
1 mile,
95% of all hours of the last year
F05 - Air Filtration
p3- How often do projects need to provide IWBI with air filtration maintenance records?
(Accomodation, Particle, Maintenance)
annually
F06 - Microbe and Mold Control
p1- Device used, in HVAC system to reduce mold? What should be inspected and how often?
p2- Mold inspection mode
(Coil Mold Reduction, Mold inspections)
p1- UVGI (Ultraviolet light) on cooling coils, drain pans ceilings
Quarterly inspections, Yearly submission of photos to IWBI
(if mold is found must clean)
p2- Visual inspections of building for discoloration and mold on walls, floor, ceilings
F07 - Construction Pollution
p1 - Ducts protection during construction? (2)
p2- Within one year before perfomance verification, If HVAC runs during construction, when are filters replaced?
(Duct Protection, Filter Replacement, Moisture Management, Dust Removal)
p1-
- Ducts sealed and protected during construction
or - Cleaned prior to installing grills
p2- Before occupancy
F07 - Construction Pollution
Within one year before perfomance verification
p3- To protect materials and products from water or moisture provide a___
p4- To contain dust and debris provide (3)___
(Duct Protection, Filter Replacement, Moisture Management, Dust Removal)
p3- Separate area to store and protect materials and products
p4 -
- Physical separation of active construction space throug barriers or sealant
- Installation of walk-off mats at entrance (tappetini)
- Collectors for guard to capture dust
F08 - Healthy Entrance
p1- To reduce amount of contaminants at all regurarly occupied entrance provide 1 of these 3 strategies___ for a size of____?
p2- To reduce the movement of air from outdoors to indoors with mechanical ventilated 1 of these 3 strategies___(3)
(Entryway Walk-off, Entriway Air Seal)
p1-
- Grilles/grates
- Rollout mats (tappeto a rotolo)
- Any other material as a walk-off system (tappeto)
Size → width = entrance & long > 3 m
p2-
- Vestibule with two normally closed door
- Revolving entrance door
- +3 normally shut doors from the outdoors
F09 - Cleaning Protocol (Cleaning Plan for Occupied Spaces)
p1- Cleaning Plan - Which (5) elements must be in the plan?
- Equipment and Training (Table A4 Appendix C)
- List of approved product seals → EPA’s Design for the Environment, UL EcoLogo, or Green Seal (Table A4 Appendix C)
- List of high-touch surfaces
- Cleaning schedule (programmi)
- Cleaning logs (registri)
F10- Pesticide Management
Requires the elimination of pesticides/herbicides or the minimization of the hazards by___
- Creation of a Management Plan based on Chapter 3 of San Francisco Environment Code IPM Program
or - Use only pesticides with a hazard tier ranking < 3
“Table A2 Appendix C”
F10- Pesticide Management
Where should you look for a list of acceptable pesticides?
Pesticide Research Institute’s PestSmart tool or Pesticide Product Evaluator tool
Atrazine
pesticide endocrine disruptor cardiovascular problems
Glyphosate
herbicide RoundUp Kidney problems Reproductive difficulties
F11 - Fundamental Material Safety
p1- Asbestos and Lead Restriction - What are the limits?
(Asbestos & Lead, Lead, Asbestos, PCBs, Mercury)
No asbestos
Lead < 100 ppm in all newly-installed building materials
- exc. Lead < 0.25% (pipe, plumbing, fixtures)
- exc. Lead < 0.20% (solder or flux in plumbing)
F11 - Fundamental Material Safety
p2- Lead Abatement: lead evaluation is conducted following what guidelines? (3)
(Asbestos & Lead, Lead, Asbestos, PCBs, Mercury)
Lead abatement in repair, rerenovation, demolition:
- EPA lead standards
- EPA40 CFR standard
- CFR
F11 - Fundamental Material Safety
p3- Asbestos Abatement: Requirements for buildings constructed prior to asbestos law___ (3)
(Asbestos & Lead, Lead, Asbestos, PCBs, Mercury)
- Inspections every 3 years by Accredited asbestos professional (AHERA’s, NESHAP or local consultant)
- Development, maintenance and update of Asbestos Management Plans (in accordance with AHERA)
- Conduct post-abatement clearance (smaltimento) (in accordance with AHERA)
AHERA = Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
F11 - Fundamental Material Safety
p4- PCBs abatement; when, and according to which standard?
(Asbestos & Lead, Lead, Asbestos, PCBs, Mercury)
Buildings between 1950 and banning laws
- Standard EPA’s Steps to Safe PCB
F11 - Fundamental Material Safety
p5- Mercury Limitation - which products should be avoided? (3)
(Asbestos & Lead, Lead, Asbestos, PCBs, Mercury)
- Thermometers
- Mercury lamps
- LED
F12 - Moisture Management
p1- Project team must produce a Narrative how exterior liquid is addressed for which (4) ?
(Exterior, Interior, Condensation, Material)
EPA’s “Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design”
- Site Drainage and Irrigation
- Local Water Table (Falda)
- Building Penetrations
- Porous exterior materials
F12 - Moisture Management
p2- Project team must produce a Narrative how interior liquid is addressed for which (4) ?
(Exterior, Interior, Condensation, Material)
EPA’s “Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design”
- Plumbing leaks
- Hard-piped appliances (tubi)
- Porous interior materials
- New building materials wetted during construction
F12 - Moisture Management
p3- Project team must produce a Narrative addressing source of condensation concerning (4) ?
(Exterior, Interior, Condensation, Material)
EPA’s “Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design”
- high relative humidity
- air leakage
- cooler surfaces
- oversized Air conditioning
F12 - Moisture Management
p4- Project team must produce a Narrative which materials are protected (5)?
(Exterior, Interior, Condensation, Material)
EPA’s “Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design”
- Absorptive materials during construction
- Exposed entryways and glazing porous
- Cladding material (rivestimenti)
- Interior sheathing (guaine)
- Finished floors in potentially wet room
F13 - Air Flush
Once construction is completed to remove VOCs and pollutants, an air flush process is conducted before occupancy with indoor air temperature of ___ and humidity _____
a. Single-part (before occupancy) air flush?
b. Two-part air flush (I) + (II)
temperature > 15°C
humidity < 60%
a. Volume of air of 4266 m3 per m2 of floor area
b. Totale Volume (I) 1066 m3 /m2 of floor + (II) 3200 m3 /m2 of floor (0,1 m3 per minute)
F14 - Air Infiltration Management
Envelope Commissioning Test is performed _____(when), according to _____and what_____?
After substantial completion but Before occupancy
Commissioning Test in according to ASHRAE 0-2005 and NIBS 3-2012.
F15 - Increased Ventilation
p1 - One of the following:
Buildings must supply fresh air ___% or project have to follow ___?
30% higher of F03 Ventilation effectiveness ( ASHRAE 62)
CIBSE AM10 Section 4 (Natural ventilation)
F16 - Humidity Control
HVAC must maintain Relative humidity between ___
or
Modelled humidity software to verify Relative humidity___ for what period of time__?
- 30% to 50% all time
or - 30% to 50% for 95% of all annual business hours
An increase in Humidity by ___% can lead to formaldehyde + ___.
35% humidity → formaldehyde + 1.8 to 2.6
F17 - Direct Source Ventilation (Pollution isolation)
p1 -
a) which rooms need to be separated (3)
b) what are the potential contaminants (3)
c) what methods of separation can be used
a) cleaning and chemical storage units, bathrooms, printer/copier rooms
b) VOCs, Ozone, mold
c) self-closing doors, expelling/exhausting the air, no recirculation
F18 - Air Quality Monitoring
p1 - Indoor
a) which pollutants are measured (3)
b) how often is data collected
c) who is data sent to and how often?
(Indoor, Air Data Record, Measures Display)
a) CoPPO2 (CO2, PM, Ozone)
b) one per hour
c) sent to IWBI and occupants annually
F18 - Air Quality Monitoring
p2 - Data Recording requires a____ and records must be kept for?
p3- Requires that occupants can see real-time information about___ on a display of___for every ___ m2 of occupied space
(Indoor, Air Data Record, Measures Display)
p2- Written policy and records kept up to 3 years
p3-
- temperature
- humidity
- CO2 (dioxide)
one display of 15x13 cm every 930 m2
F19 - Operable Windows
Integrate operable windows (comfort + air regulation) into a building, but evaluates (3)?
(Full Control, Air measurement, Window operation)
Temperature, humidity, and contaminant levels in outdoor air
F19 - Operable Windows
p2- Outdoor levels of what (4) parameters are measured, and where
p3- A software on occupant’s smartphone/pc to___when____
(Full Control, Air measurement, Operation Management)
p2- Within 1 mile
- temperature
- humidity
- PM10
- Ozone
p3- discourage opening windows when the parameters are:
- temperature +-8°C (of indoor)
- humidity > 60%
- PM10 > 50µg/m3
- Ozone > 51ppb
F20 - Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS)
DOAS should be verified by 1 of 2 ____(2)
- Complies with local standards
or - Design review by mechanical engineer
DOAS (Dedicated outdoor air system) = HVAC system that provides better air infiltration at lower energy
F21 - Displacement Ventilation
p1-
a. Which are the two Displacement Ventilation Systems?
b. Which design standards need to meet ?
p2- Which are the 2 requirements for projects with D.V. S.?
(Design, Performance)
p1- Design standard:
a. Low sidewall air distribution system → System Performance Evaluation & ASHRAE RP949
b. UFAD system → ASHRAE UFAD
p2- Two requirements:
- CFD analysis (Computational Fluid Dynamic)
- 75% of occupied space must meet → Thermal Comfort ASHRAE 55-2013
F22 - Pest Control
p1- Perishable food must stored (where) ___ and all indoor garbage (except paper) bins > 113 L must have a lid. If bin < 113 L must have a _____
p2- Visual inspections to verify____
(Reduction, Inspection)
p1-
- in sealed containers
- lid operable without hands
or - pull-out drawer (cassetto estraibile)
p2- absence of cockroach, termite
F23- Advanced Air Purification
To reduce VOCs in the indoor air, buildings which recirculate air use
p1- One of the following methods:____ (2)
p2- Spaces with more than 10 occupants, use one of the following ___(2)
p3- Documentation required?
(Carbon Filtration, Air Sanitization, Air Quality Maintenance)
p1-
- Activated Carbon Filter in air ducts
- Standalone air purifier with a carbon filter in all regularly occupied spaces
p2-
- UVGI (Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation)
- Photocatalytic oxidation
p3-
- Annually Records of air filtration/sanitization maintenance
F24 - Combustion minimization
p1- What is forbidden in regularly occupied spaces?
p2- All combustion equipment (boilers, furnaces, internal combustion, water heaters) used for heating, cooling, water-heating, must meets ___ ?
p3- What should be visible from parking areas?
(Ban, Low-Emission Combustion Sources, Engine Exhaust Reduction, Construction Equipment)
p1-
- Combustion-based equip
(fireplaces-fornelli
stoves/ranges - cucine/fornello
space heaters - stufe portatili
oven - forno)
p2-
- SCAQMD (California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District)
p3-
- Signage → NO Idling of vehicle for > 30 seconds
F24 - Combustion minimization (Ban, Low-Emission Combustion Sources,Engine Exhaust Reduction, Construction Equipment)
p4- Within one year prior performance verification, To reduce PM emissions diesel fueled vehicles must meet _____?
p4-
- Non-road vehicles → EPA Tier 4 PM emissions standards or local equivalent when applicable.
- On-road vehicles → EPA model year 2007 on-road standards for PM
- Both vehicles → loading/unloading away from air intakes
F25 - Toxic Material Reduction
(Perfluorinated Compound, Halogenated Flame, Phthalate, Isocyanate-Based Polyurethane, Urea-Formaldehyde)
p1- Furnishing with Perfluorinated (PFCs) < ?
p2- Products with Halogenated Flame Retardant < ?
p3- Plastic Products with Phthalate < ?
p4- Interior finishes Isocyanate-Based Polyurethane ?
p5- Wood Products Urea-Formaldehyde < ?
- Perfluorinated (PFCs) < 100 ppm for 5% of all furnishing by weight
- Halogenated Flame Retardant < 100 ppm
- Phthalate < 100 ppm
- NO Isocyanate-Based Polyurethane
- Urea-Formaldehyde < 100 ppm (thermal insulation, furniture, laminating adhesives and resins)
F26 - Enhanced Material Safety
At least ___of all furnishings, built-in furniture, interior finishes, and finish materials must meet one or more of (3) ___?
- 25% by cost (product cost and no weight)
- Have “Internationl Living Future Institute” or a “Declare”
- “Cradle to Cradle Certified™” products
- Have no “GreenScreen®” over 1,000 ppm
F27 - Antimicrobial Activity for Surfaces (High-Touch Surfaces)
p1- Antimicrobial strategies to High touch surfaces one of (2):
- abrasion - resistant and non-leaching material → approved by EPA
or - cleaned with UV cleaning device
F28 - Cleanable Environment
p1- Expand Feature 09 Cleaning Protocol with requirements for High-touch and non-porous surfaces (3)
p2- Space to allow for easy cleaning with (3) design strategies:
Documentation?
(Material Properties, Cleanability)
p1- (superfici facili da pulire, lisce e senza difetti)
- Smooth and free of defects surfaces
- Smooth welds and joints
- No corner and crevices
p2-
- Carpet easy to clean/remove (es. vinyl tile)
- Storage for movable items
- 90° angles walls - windows/floors are sealed.
Documentation required: letter of assurance and spot check
F29 - Cleaning Equipment
p1- Once a building is constructed, cleaning equipment minimum requirements (3)
p2- Requires that ___and____products be kept separate and have a label that specify that they must not be mixed
(Equipment Cleaning, Chemical Storage)
p1-
- Mops and rags should be microfiber (denier < 1.0)
- Vacuum with HEPA filters (aspirapolvere)
- Mops not wrung by hand (straccio da non strizzare a mano)
p2- Bleach and Ammonia (candeggina e ammoniaca)
denier = the smaller the number the thinner the fiber)
CO (Carbon monoxide) has ____ times the binding affinity for ____ compared to _____, so it prevents oxygen from being delivered to parts of the body, and leading to hypoxia.
210 hemoglobin oxygen
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen delivered to tissues (due to CO) causes nausea, loss of consciousness and death
Poor ventilation can expose humans to: (3)
VOCs
Microbial Pathogens
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
VOCs include (2):
benzene formaldehyde
VOCs can be ____ times higher inside than outside
5
VOC required documentation (2)
LOA Architect LOA Contractor
Carbon filters treat
VOCs, large PMs
Media filters treat
small PMs
Air filtration required documentation (3)
LOA
Engineer Operating Schedule
Spot Check
Construction Pollution Management required documentation (1)
LOA Contractor
Entryway Air Seal. Three ways to do this:
vestibule with 2 normal doorways revolving doors 3 normal doors with a separator
Air Filtration Management required document (1)
annotated documents: commissioning report
Displacement Ventilation system performance requirements (2)
p2- Two requirements:
- CFD analysis (Computational Fluid Dynamic)
- 75% of occupied space must meet → Thermal Comfort ASHRAE 55-2013
Number of Preconditions and Optimizations
1-12 (P) 13-29 (O)
Air pollution contributes to___ premature deaths in the U.S. and ____mln worldwide
50.000 U.S.
7 milion worldwide
Flame-retardant chemicals be dangerous, why?
They bioaccumulate in fat and result in food chain contamination, including human milk
Which percentage of cost must be spend for meet one of the voluntary material reporting programs listed in the requirements for feature 26, Enhanced Material Safety?
25%
Under which standard is building envelope commissioning of a commercial office project performed after substantial completion?
ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005
