AI Flashcards 2 Summary
What are the three models for defining abnormal behaviour?
Cultural/social/ethical, statistical, and medical. The cultural model looks at differences in norms, the statistical model uses a bell curve, and the medical model, specifically the DSM, treats disorders as discrete.
What is comorbidity?
Comorbidity is having multiple psychological/psychiatric disorders at the same time, which is common, particularly with trauma.
What is Conduct Disorder?
A psychiatric disorder, usually emerging in childhood or adolescence, characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behavior. It frequently co-occurs with ADHD, and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood.
List 4 symptoms of Conduct Disorder
- Aggression to people or animals
- Destruction of property
- Deceitfulness or theft
- Serious violation of rules
- Other symptoms include lack of remorse or guilt, lack of empathy, and unconcern about performance.
What are the two factors of Psychopathy?
Factor 1: Interpersonal/affective (including glibness, lack of remorse, and manipulativeness), and Factor 2: Chronic antisocial lifestyle (including impulsivity and criminal versatility).
How do neurodevelopmental disorders affect the brain?
They affect the brain’s structure, function, and connectivity, leading to problems in behaviour, cognition, and emotion. They are driven by genetic and environmental interactions.
Give three examples of environmental factors that can interact with genetic predispositions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
- In the uterus: maternal smoking, stress, drugs and alcohol abuse.
- During birth: birth complications, parental psychopathology.
- During childhood/adolescence: harsh discipline, low socioeconomic status, negative peer influences.
What are the three types of gene-environment correlations?
Passive (inherited predispositions contribute to the environment), active (child seeks out environments that trigger their genes), and evocative (inherited predispositions evoke a negative response from the environment).
How do genes influence behaviour?
Genes influence neuronal formation, which leads to neuronal organization and ultimately impacts behaviour. Disruptions can cause system dysfunctions.
What is the Amygdala-Centered Model of antisociality?
This model proposes that in severe antisocial individuals, the amygdala is hyporesponsive to negative stimuli, leading to deficient affective processing and poor associative learning, which promotes persistent antisocial behaviour.
What is the Paralimbic System Dysfunction Model of antisociality?
This model expands on the amygdala model, suggesting that abnormalities are distributed across multiple brain regions involved in emotional and social processing, possibly as a compensatory mechanism for intrinsic deficits.
What is the role of the amygdala?
The amygdala acts as a salience detector, receiving information from various brain regions and prioritizing stimuli based on their importance.
What are the Basal Lateral Amygdala (BLA) and CentroMedial Amygdala (CMA)?
The BLA is associated with emotional processing and connectivity to the neocortex, and the CMA has been implicated in sexual and social behaviour. The BLA is larger in more cognitively advanced mammals.
What are some risk factors for antisocial behaviour?
Risk factors include domestic violence, poverty, negative peer influence, and gender-related factors. Protective factors include caring parents, education, and support systems. The strongest predictor is having parents or close relatives with a criminal history.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
This model considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behaviour and mental health.
