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VIOL - V&B > AI Flashcards 1 Summary > Flashcards

AI Flashcards 1 Summary

1
Q

What two factors contribute to abnormal behaviour?

A

Innate susceptibility for abnormal behaviour, and negative contextual factors that trigger that behaviour.

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2
Q

What are the three models used to define abnormal behaviour?

A

Cultural/social/ethical, statistical model, and medical model.

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3
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

Having multiple psychological/psychiatric disorders at the same time.

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4
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A

A psychiatric disorder characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behavior, often emerging in childhood or adolescence.

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5
Q

What are some key symptoms of conduct disorder?

A

Aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules, limited prosocial emotions.

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of ‘limited prosocial emotions’ in conduct disorder?

A

Lack of remorse or guilt, callous lack of empathy, unconcerned about performance, and shallow or deficient affect.

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7
Q

What is the relationship between conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder?

A

Antisocial personality disorder is considered the adult form of conduct disorder.

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8
Q

What is the prevalence of conduct disorder in the population?

A

Approximately 7%.

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9
Q

What is the prevalence of psychopathy in the general population and incarcerated population?

A

1% of the general population and 30% of the incarcerated population.

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10
Q

Is psychopathy synonymous with extreme violence?

A

No, not all psychopaths commit violent acts, there are also ‘successful psychopaths’.

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11
Q

What is meant by the term ‘antisocial brain’?

A

It refers to the idea that some individuals may have differences in brain structure or function that predispose them to antisocial behaviour.

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12
Q

What is the connection between neurodevelopmental disorders and antisocial behaviour?

A

Antisocial behaviour can be linked to abnormal neurodevelopment that can affect brain structure, function, and connectivity, leading to deficits in behavior, cognition and emotion.

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13
Q

How do genetic and environmental factors interact in neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

Environmental factors often trigger underlying genetic predispositions. The interactions are specific to each developmental stage.

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14
Q

At what age is conduct disorder primarily diagnosed and what is the prognosis for individuals without psychopathic tendencies?

A

Primarily diagnosed between ages 5 and 20. Many individuals with CD symptoms outgrow these behaviors.

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15
Q

Is psychopathy treatable?

A

Psychopathy is notoriously challenging to treat effectively.

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16
Q

What are some prenatal and early life environmental factors that can impact brain development?

A

Maternal smoking, stress, substance abuse during pregnancy, and birth complications.

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17
Q

What are three types of gene-environment correlations?

A

Passive, active, and evocative.

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18
Q

Explain Passive gene-environment correlation.

A

Children inherit genetic predispositions from parents that also contribute to the environment that the parents create.

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19
Q

Explain Active gene-environment correlation.

A

Children actively seek out environments that match their genetic predispositions.

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20
Q

Explain Evocative gene-environment correlation.

A

A child’s genetic traits elicit negative responses from the environment.

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21
Q

How do genes relate to brain function and behaviour?

A

Genes code for proteins, which form neurons. Neurons form neuronal populations, which form neural systems, which drive behavior.

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22
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the neurocognitive model of antisociality?

A

The amygdala acts as a salience detector, but it is often hyporesponsive to negative stimuli in antisocial individuals.

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of the amygdala in antisocial individuals?

A

It is often smaller, hyporesponsive to negative stimuli, and deprived of regulatory corticolimbic interactions.

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24
Q

What is the Paralimbic System Dysfunction Model of antisociality?

A

A model that suggests that antisocial behavior involves more than just the amygdala, and that there are a few areas in the brain that work differently. It also highlights how the brains of antisocial people compensate for certain deficits.

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25
Q

What is the significance of the basal lateral amygdala (BLA) and the centromedial amygdala (CMA) in humans and primates?

A

The larger BLA in humans and primates allows for complex socioemotional functions.

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26
Q

What are some of the problems with comparing large groups in studies of antisocial behaviour?

A

Classic approaches oversimplify, overlook variations, and do not account for the fact that conditions exist on a spectrum rather than as a clear distinction.

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27
Q

What are some of the difficulties in treating antisocial behavior?

A

The approach may have small effect size, and may have predictive limitations.

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28
Q

What is a strong predictor for committing crimes?

A

Having parents or close relatives who have committed crimes.

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29
Q

What are some protective factors against committing crimes?

A

Caring parents, education, intelligence, support systems, and falling in love.

30
Q

What is a working factor in therapeutic outcomes?

A

40% is determined by factors outside of therapy, 30% is determined by common elements, 15% is determined by placebo effects, and 15% is determined by specific methodology.

31
Q

What are some examples of individual treatment approaches for antisocial behavior?

A

Aggression regulation, CBT addiction, Brain4Use, Leer van je Delict (DA), So Cool, EMDR, schema therapy, and neurofeedback.

32
Q

What are some systemic approaches to treating antisocial behavior?

A

Functional Family Therapy (FFT), Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), Multisystemic Therapy (MST), and Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC).

33
Q

What is the relationship between ODD, CD, ASPD and psychopathy?

A

ODD can lead to CD, which can lead to ASPD. Psychopathy is associated with ASPD and is an antisocial behaviour with callous unemotional traits.

34
Q

What are some characteristics of psychopathy?

A

Superficial charm, egocentricity, lack of empathy and remorse, no fear, stress resistant, and punishment doesn’t hurt.

35
Q

What are the three clusters of personality disorders?

A

“Odd or Eccentric” (Cluster A), “Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic” (Cluster B), and “Anxious or Fearful” (Cluster C).

36
Q

What are some characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

A

Disregard for the rights of others, impulsivity, deceitfulness, and lack of remorse.

37
Q

What is the key age requirement for diagnosis of ASPD?

A

The diagnosis is typically made at age 18 or older.

38
Q

What is the emphasis of the Dutch Juvenile Law?

A

Development over punishment, prioritising therapy and skill development.

39
Q

What is the role of forensic assessment in the legal system?

A

To assess mental health, determine criminal responsibility, assess risk for recidivism, and determine if treatment is needed.

40
Q

What are the three components of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Biology, psychology, and social.

41
Q

What is the development timeline for the prefrontal cortex and what role does it play in behavior?

A

It continues to develop into the 20s and 25s, and is involved in controlling behaviour.

42
Q

When does the social-emotional system (amygdala) fully develop?

A

Around ages 16-20.

43
Q

What is the relationship between reward sensitivity and delinquent behavior in adolescents?

A

Adolescents are more sensitive to rewards and less sensitive to punishment, which may drive them toward delinquent behavior.

44
Q

What role does executive functioning play in criminal behaviour?

A

Problems with executive functioning, such as controlling and shifting behaviours, can drive people towards criminal behaviour.

45
Q

What is the significance of empathy and executive function in understanding delinquent behavior?

A

Violent crime can be rooted in problems with impulsivity or executive function, as well as lack of empathy, so it’s important to understand the mechanisms driving the behaviour.

46
Q

What are the research goals regarding delayed development in relation to delinquent behavior?

A

To understand the relationship between biopsychosocial development and delinquent behavior, to determine if delinquent behavior ends at a certain point of time, and to create profiles about development in relation to desistance in delinquent behavior.

47
Q

What are some positive and critical aspects of empathy?

A

Empathy plays a positive role in caring interactions, but it can also be myopic, selective, fleeting and destructive.

48
Q

What are some components of empathy?

A

Emotional contagion, personal distress, concern, mentalizing.

49
Q

How does testosterone relate to aggression?

A

It makes people more emotionally reactive, reduces fear and stress responses, reduces empathic responses, and downregulates mentalizing.

50
Q

What is the connection between endocrinology and morality?

A

Hormones like testosterone and cortisol can affect moral behavior and lead to immoral actions.

51
Q

What is the role of empathy in antisocial personality disorder?

A

People with ASPD often do not take the perspective of others into account, or do not act on it. They are self-oriented.

52
Q

How is connectivity between the amygdala and other brain regions affected in psychopathy?

A

Reduced anatomical and functional coupling between the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is observed.

53
Q

What is social cognition?

A

The human ability to understand each other as conscious beings with internal mental states.

54
Q

Name some brain structures involved in social behaviour.

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), Pre-supplementary Motor Area (Pre-SMA), Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC), Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC), Ventral Anterior Cingulate (vACC), Amygdala, Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC), Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ), Anterior PFC, Anterior Temporal Cortex (ATC), Insula.

55
Q

How is the prefrontal cortex related to social behavior in different psychiatric disorders?

A

Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is associated with psychiatric disorders that are also characterized by disturbances in social behaviour.

56
Q

What is the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)?

A

It is the golden standard for determining psychopathy, it is not an official diagnosis in the DSM.

57
Q

What is the relationship between emotion recognition and behaviour?

A

It is important to not only recognise emotions, but to determine what actions will be taken in response.

58
Q

How do people typically react to angry faces?

A

Healthy controls show avoidance tendencies.

59
Q

How do individuals with psychopathy respond to angry faces?

A

They show a decreased avoidance to angry faces.

60
Q

What is the approach-avoidance task (AAT)?

A

A task that measures automatic action tendencies (approach positive stimuli/avoid negative stimuli) using joystick movement and stimuli like happy and angry faces.

61
Q

What is the role of oxytocin as a potential intervention?

A

Oxytocin is a hormone that facilitates prosocial behavior and may have therapeutic value for social deficits.

62
Q

How does oxytocin effect approach-avoidance tendencies?

A

Oxytocin decreases avoidance of angry faces.

63
Q

What is performance monitoring?

A

It’s the process of continuously monitoring our performance for possible deviations from the goal.

64
Q

What brain areas are involved in detecting errors?

A

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the insula.

65
Q

How does psychopathy affect performance monitoring?

A

People with psychopathy show decreased neural activity in monitoring other’s performance, which may be related to problems in social learning.

66
Q

How many people die by suicide annually?

A
67
Q

How many people die by suicide annually?

A

700,000 people globally.

68
Q

What is a key risk factor for suicide?

A

Previous suicide attempt.

69
Q

What is the most common type of mental disorder associated with suicidality?

A

Depression, anxiety disorders, trauma- and stressor-related disorders (PTSD), substance use, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.

70
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

The model explains mental disorder development through the interaction of inherent vulnerabilities (diathesis) and external stressors.

71
Q

What are some characteristics of the risk factors for suicide?

A

There is no prediction model that accurately pinpoints risk for suicide, it is a complex interaction with no one variable that can determine whether someone has suicidal thoughts or will develop them.

72
Q

Does talking about suicide elicit suicidal thoughts?

A

No, it lowers stigma.

VIOL - V&B (17 decks)

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