Agriculture Methods of Cultivation Flashcards
1
Q
2 main methods of cultivation of rice;
A
Dry Method
Wet or Puddle Method
2
Q
Rice:
Dry Method
A
- No supplementary irrigation
- Depends on Rain
- Sowing Techniques:
- Heavy Rainfall areas:
- In Rows with help of drills
- Moderate rainfall Areas
- Scattered with Hands
- Heavy Rainfall areas:
3
Q
Rice:
Puddles or Wet Method
A
- Assured supply of water
- Land is ploughed
- Filled with 3 to 5 cm of standing water
- Mantained at 2 to 3 cm ⇒ Till seedlings are estalished
4
Q
Rice:
Sowing
A
- Broadcasting:
- Drilling:
- Dibbling:
5
Q
Rice:
Broadcasting:
A
- After ploughing the field
- Seeds are scattered by hands
- Before onset of Monsoon
- Followed in areas where:
- Labor is scarce
- Soil is infertile
6
Q
Rice:
- Drilling:
A
- Meaning:
- Seeds are sown in
- Furrows
- With the help of a drill
- Made of Bamboo
- Followed in:
- Peninsular India
7
Q
Rice:
Drilling
Advantage:
A
- Seeds fall in a sytematic way in the furrows
- Germination rate of seeds is high
- Wastage of seeds is minimal
8
Q
Rice:
Drilling:
Disadvantage:
A
- Time consuming
9
Q
Rice:
Dibbling:
A
- Dibble is an implement for making holes in ground for seeds or plants
- Seeds are sown at regular intervas in furrows, by hand
10
Q
Rice:
Transplanting:
A
- Seedling ⇒
- First grown in nurseries.
- Transplanted to fields after
- 25 to 30 cm (4 to 5 weeks)
- Transplanted at
- Groups of
- 4 to 6
- At Distance of
- 30 to 45 cm.
- Groups of
- Depth of water; 2 to 3, 4 to 6 till crop matures
11
Q
Rice:
Transplanting:
Places:
A
- Common in deltaic and flood plain
- Labour intensive
12
Q
Rice:
Tranplanting:
Advantage:
A
- Higher yield
- Only healthy plants are picked for resowing
- Removal of Unhealthy plants
- Weeds are removed while resowing
- Less wastage of seeds
- Compared to Broadcasting
13
Q
Rice:
Tranplanting (Japan):
A
- Improved in
- 1953
- HYV seeds called Japonica is used
- Seedlings are first grown in nurseries
- The distance:
- Rows of Plants: 25 cm
- Distance between the plants: 15 cm
14
Q
Rice:
Transplanting (japanese):
Higher Yield:
A
- Manure is used extensively
- Japonica seeds gives a higher yield
15
Q
Rice:
Harvesting:
A
- Before Harvesting:
- Fields are drained dry
- Traditional Cutting of the stalk:
- Sickle is used
- Labour Intensive
- Each Stalk is Hand Reaped
- Cut 60cm below the grain (facilitate threshing)
16
Q
Rice:
Processing:
A
- Mositure Content:
- Threshing:
- Winnowing
- Milling
17
Q
Rice:
Processing:
Moisture content:
A
- by drying the stalks in sun
18
Q
Rice:
Processing:
Threshing:
A
- Grains are seperated from the stalks
- Beating the sheaves against the wooden bars.
- It is done in rice fields
- To reduce Transportation costs
19
Q
Rice:
Processing:
Winnowing:
A
- Unwanted Husk is removed from the Grains
- Pouring the grains on a windy day. Chaff is blown aside. Grain fall to the ground.
20
Q
Rice:
Processing:
Milling:
A
- To remove the yellowish husk from the grains.
21
Q
Rice:
Processing:
Milling:
Traditional method:
A
- Parboiling the rice and drying it before
- Hitting the grains in wooden mortar with heavy pestle.
- Resulted in high percentage of broken rice
22
Q
Rice:
Processing:
Modern Milling
A
- Done by machines
- Glossy Texture
- Lacks nutrition ⇒
- Nutrition or Vitamins removed by excessive polishing.
- Graded and Stored in sac
23
Q
Wheat:
Sowing:
A
- Methods:
- Drilling or Broadcasting Method
- The process:
- Germinate in 3 to 4 days
24
Q
Wheat:
Harvesting:
Time:
A
- Starts ripening at March ⇒
- 21
- Harvested in April ⇒
- 27.5
25
Wheat:
Harvesting:
Modern Method:
- In Punjab, Haryana and West UP
- Machines have replaced sickles
- Threshers have replaced Threshing method
- Traditional Method is time consuming
26
Wheat:
Harvesting:
Traditional and Modern Method:
- Using a sickle
- Method of Threshing is used (seperate husk from grain)
- Crop is Trampled under the bullock's feet
27
Sugarcane:
Sowing:
- Planted just before the hot season (little earlier in the south and east)
- Requirements:
- Labour Intensive
- Should be kept weed free
- Irrigated frequently
- If there are no timely rains
28
Sugarcane:
| Methods of Sowing:
- Sett Method:
- Ratooning Method:
- Seeds:
29
Sugarcane:
| Sett Method:
- New canes ⇒ Usually Planted by cuttings from Old plants
- Cuttings Called Setts:
- Quickly Established after few days
- Buds sprouts to form new stalks
- 4 to 5 stalks from each cutting
30
Sugarcane:
Ratooning:
- First Harvest:
- Sugarcane is cut
- Leaving a little bit of stalk in the soil with the roots
- Ratoon:
- New shoots are put up by the stalk called Ratoon
- Second or any other successive crop obtained from the roots of left-over crops ⇒ Ratoon
31
Sugarcane:
Ratoon:
Time Period:
- Sugarcane ⇒ Perenial crop can be done forever
| - Yield from each successive crop is lesser than previous one
32
Sugarcane:
Ratoon:
Advantages:
- Crop need not be planted again (Labour)
- Cheap ⇒ No extra inputs
- Ratoon Matures early (10 to 18 vs 8 to 12)
33
Ratoon:
Disadvantages:
- Thinner cane yields with lower sucrose content
| - More risk of pest and disease
34
Sugarcane:
| Sowing by seeds:
- Obsolete
- Some states, yield is not high
- Planted in furrows, covered with soil, distance between rows (30 to 45 cm)
- To facilitate
35
Sugarcane:
Harvest:
Time:
- Harvested before the cane begins to flower
- North ⇒ Before winter
- To protect it from frost
- Operations begin in oct-nov, cont. till april
36
Sugarcane:
Harvesting:
- Cut by hand using a Long Curved Knife (Sickle)
- Stalks must be cut⇒ As near as possible
- Greatest accumulation of sucrose in the base of the stem
37
Sugarcane:
Processing:
- Taken to mills quickly
- must be processed Within 24 hrs,
- to preserve sugar content
- Cane is crushed in rollers and boiled with lime
- Sugar cane Juice crystallines and forms brown sugar
38
Sugarcane:
Refining:
- Re-processes the raw sugar ⇒ brown and white sugar
| - of various grades
39
Sugarcane:
Processing:
Products:
- 2/3rd ⇒ Gur and Khandsari
| - 1/3rd ⇒ Sugar
40
Groundnut:
Sowing:
Time:
- Rest of India:
- June and July
- Tamil Nadu:
- February-March
41
Groundnut:
Sowing:
Requirements:
- Sandy soil is ploughed.
| - Seeds are sown by BROADCASTING or Drilling
42
Groundnut:
| Biological process:
- When plants mature:
- They flower
- And Self Pollinate
- Flower Stalk Elongates, Turns downwards
- Buries the fruit
- the fruit matures
- with one to four seeds per pod
43
Groundnut:
Harvesting:
Time:
- Rest Of India:
- Kharif
- November December
- Tamil Nadu:
- Rabi
- June-July
44
Groundnut:
Harvesting:
- Entire plant (including the roots) ⇒ removed from the soil
| - Dried, packed into sacks to be sent to mills or commercial establishments
45
Mustard:
Sowing:
- Grown with wheat, gram and Barley
| - In rows
46
Mustard:
Harvesting:
- 1 or 2 weeks before main crop is harvested
- Collected in heaps in grannary
- Seeds are seperated by getting them trampled under
- Bullock's feet
47
Cotton:
Sowing:
Requirements:
- Irrigation ⇒ Watered 10 to 14 days
- Tilling and Manuring is necessary before crop is sown
- Ground must be hoed and cleared of weeds
48
Cotton:
Sowing:
Long Staple:
- Kharif
| - Before onset of rains
49
Cotton:
Sowing:
Short and MEDIUM staple varieties:
- Later upto september
50
Cotton:
Sowing:
Method:
- Sown by broadcast or drilling method
51
Cotton Harvesting:
- Harvested in october, in 3 to 4 pickings as the balls mature
- Yields decreases after successive pickings
- When the cotton balls ripen and burst into
- white, fluffy and shiny balls of fibre
