Agression Flashcards

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1
Q

Williams research into the impact of media on aggression.

A

1986
-Observed playground children for aggression.
- before and after television was introduced in a rural Canadian town.
-increase in verbal and physical aggression.
-shows aggressive symbolic role models - led to imitation of behviour.

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2
Q

Carnagey and Anderson impact of video games on aggression

A

2007
-Participants played either violent or non-violent video games.
-20 mins later watched 10 min video of real world violence.
-galvanic skin response and heart rate lower for those who had watched violent computer games.
-Suggests exposure to violent video games has physiologically desensitized players to violent industry.

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3
Q

Berkowitz and Powers, research on affect of watching aggressive TV.

A

1979
-males watched aggressive scene from TV show + given a summary of the show.
-pts given summary that justified violence were most aggressive to confederate in follow up task.
-viewing aggression along with justification created a disinhibited aggressive response in viewers.

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4
Q

Murray - Media and aggression - Brain scan

A

2006
-8 children fmri scanned whilst watching violent or non-violent sequences.
-range of areas activated only to violent videos.
-Murray suggest viewers see violence as real - due to amygdala activation and are cognitively primed as aggressive scripts are being stored in posterior cingulate - area associated with LTM storage.

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5
Q

What does SLT suggest about media influences on aggression?

A

-identification with an attractive but violent hero. (symbolic model)
-increases likely hood of aggression being imitated.
-Learns via vicarious learning - aggression solves problems - person gets rewarded.

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6
Q

What is the affect of media aggression viewers on moral decision making process?

A

-It can be socialized by media aggression.
-When violence is justified then viewers believe that violence is correct response to being wronged.

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7
Q

What is the argument that playing video games increases aggression?

A

-May provide an even more extreme effect of aggression.
-Players don’t just watch - actively control avatar in situation where aggression is the only way to progress.
-use of aggression positively reinforced in video games - get rewarded for it (operant conditioning)

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8
Q

What is the argument that playing video games decreases aggression?

A

-May reduce real aggression.
-Provide catharsis - feeling of relief - releasing negative emotions - like anger and stress.

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9
Q

How does Desensitisation affect aggression?

A

-Usually when people see results of extreme aggression - feel disgust, anxiety or discomfort.
-Thus people void aggression to avoid these unpleasant feelings.
-repeated exposure - extreme aggression desensitizes - reduced strong reaction to it.
-potentially makes it easier to be extremely aggressive.

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10
Q

How does disinhibition affect aggression?

A

-Aggressive impulsive are often inhibited - people have a strong desire not to be aggressive.
-Inhibition comes from socialisation - taught from young age - aggression is wrong.
-repeated exposure to justified aggression in media + aggressive acts in video games.
-disinhibits avoidance of aggression in real life.

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11
Q

How does cognitive priming affect aggression?

A

-Mental scripts and schema for how to respond in certain situations.
-Learn schemas from tv and computer games.
-e.g. hero acts aggressively when threatened.
-These become cues or priming stimuli.
-when exposed to cues in real world in similar context - we react aggressively.

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12
Q

Evaluation
How has aggression in the western world changed since the rise of video games in the 1980s?

A

-real life aggression in the streets decreased since.
-Thus video games causing aggression in real world lacks validity.
-However, may be due to differences in how young men spend their time.
-More time indoors due to gaming - thus less violence in streets.

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13
Q

Kestenbuam evaluation research study into affect of video games of violence?

A

1985
-self-reports form young males
-Reported that when ‘wound up’ felt more ‘relaxed after playing’.
-Releasing negative emotions in video games reduces real world violence - provides catharsis - outlet for aggressive emotions.

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14
Q

Research studies into viewing habits as children compared to aggression when older.

A

-Show correlation.
-however, its likely that people who are aggressive will pick out more aggressive media to watch and play.

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15
Q

Application of psychological research into links between aggression and media?

A

-Used to inform policy and age rating of games.
-Can help make sure certain games are banned.

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16
Q

Neural explanations for aggression:
What are neural mechanisms?

A

-Related to the neuron such as large neural structures or the actions of neurotransmitters.

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17
Q

Hormonal explanations for aggression:
What are hormonal mechanisms?

A

-how chemical messengers influence the body.

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18
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

A set of neural structures located at the centre of the brain.
-The amygdala and the hypothalamus are key to aggressive responses.
-one of it’s functions is to process emotional responses.

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19
Q

role of Serotonin in aggressive response?

A

-inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it reduces neural activity.
-important to calm and control aggressive impulses.
-Serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex controls/dampens aggressive impulses coming from areas of limbic system - (amygdala, hypothalamus).
-maintains stable calm mood.

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20
Q

role of testosterone in aggressive response?

A

-male sex hormone/androgen
-Found at higher levels in males, thought to be reponsible for their increased aggression.
-8 times higher in men than women.
-thought to be reason for sex difference in aggression.

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21
Q

Role of the amygdala?

A
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22
Q

Role of the hypothalamus?

A

-integrates and expresses emotional response - can trigger aggressive behavior as part of fight or flight response.

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23
Q

Role of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

-external layer of brain
-controls executive function (decision making)
-communicates with amygdala and hypothalamus.
-trie to control aggression.

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24
Q

Evaluations of the limbic system

A

EGGER ANF FLYNN (1963)
+showed that stimulating hypothalamus would cause cats to behave more aggressively to rats - suggest hypothalamus has role in producing aggressive behavior.
+Stimulating different parts of amygdala - increase or decrease aggressive behavior - suggests amygdala’s role in regulation of aggressive behavior.
-However - on cats - not generalisable.

SUMMER (2007)
case study - extremely aggressive 14 year old girl who was having epileptic fits.
+MRI scan revealed tumor pressing on amygdala.
+After removal aggression levels became normal.
+Suggests tumor was stimulating amygdala - supporting that amygdala is linked to regulating aggression.
-However - case study - experience of one person - could have been other factors causing aggressive behavior.

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25
Q

What is the Serotonin deficiency hypothesis of aggressive behavior?

A

-lower than norm levels of serotonin in orbitofrontal cortex - result in less self control over Limbic systems aggressive impulses.
-shown by lower levels of 5-HIAA (bi-product or serotonin breakdown) in spinal fluid of more aggressive people.
-However, complex - individuals with the short variant of it MAOA struggle to break down serotonin - have higher levels - but are more aggressive.

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26
Q

Research Evaluations of serotonin’s affect on aggression?

A

Passamonti (2012):
-Tryptophan - food needed by body to produce serotonin.
-Study used technique called acute tryptophan depletion (avoiding foods containing tryptophan)
-reduced amount of serotonin in brain of participants
-Researches measured brains response to seeing angry/neutral faces using FMRI.
-results showed reduced communication between amygdala and frontal cortex when low levels of serotonin.
-participants scored hoigh on aggression questionaire.
-Suggests low serotonin reduces the frontal cortex’s ability to control aggressive impulses in the amygdala.

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27
Q

Evaluation of Passamonti (2012) (Serotonin)

A

+Randomised, double blind placebo controlled method.
+Data analyzed was from FMRI scans.
+Use of highly scientific measurements suggests high validity.
-However, use of questionnaire - not truly measuring aggression levels.

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28
Q

affect of testosterone on orbitofrontal cortex?

A

-High levels of testosterone in orbitofrontal cortex reduce activity.
-Means cortex is less able to regulate aggressive impulses coming from the limbic system.
-Result - less self control and aggressive response to stimuli.

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29
Q

Effect of testosterone on:
a) Amygdala
b) Seretonin

A

a) testosterone increases activity in the amygdala - results in more aggressive impulses.

b) reduce activity or serotonin, limiting is ability to calm aggressive impulses.

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30
Q

Research Evaluations of testosterone’s affect on aggression?

A

Wagner (1980):
-Measured aggression in mice based on how often the bit a target.
-Males bit more frequently than females.
-However, sex difference disappeared after castration of male mice and reappeared when male mice were injected with testosterone.
-Suggest level of testosterone hormone in mice is directly connected to expression of aggression.

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31
Q

Neural and hormonal mechanism in aggression evaluation: reductionism.

A

-Idea that someone aggressive behavior is completely down to their biological make-up is reductionist
-Although process may lead to effective biological interventions to reduce aggression - unlikely to be full explanation.
-Biology may produce emotional trigger - however whether or not person acts of emotions may be down to social psychological factors (SLT).

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32
Q

Neural and hormonal mechanism in aggression evaluation: determinism.

A

-Deterministic to suggest it’s all biology.
-important implications - judges may use neural and testosterone abnormalities as mitigating factors in crime.
-However, people with abnormalities may feel they have no agency to control their impulses.

33
Q

Neural and hormonal mechanism in aggression evaluation: social sensitivity.

A

-potentially has negative impacts for the people it studies.
-For example, if aggressive criminality is linked to limbic abnormalities and predictive of vulnerability to committing violent crime, this could lead to suspicion and prejudice against people with these abnormalities who have not committed crimes.

34
Q

Neural and hormonal mechanism in aggression evaluation: Research procedures.

A

-highly controlled studies
-using careful objective biological measurements
-reduces potential bias - often present in self-report studies.
-Suggest research in this area has high internal validity.

35
Q

Studies on genetic factors in aggression:
a) twins
b) adoptees

A

-Coccaro (1997) compared MZ and DZ male Vietnamese twins - genetic difference did account for differences in aggression.

-Mednick and Hutchings (1978), found 10.5% of Danish adoptees with non-criminal biological fathers were criminals, while 21.5% of those with criminal fathers were criminals.

36
Q

Genetic explanation of aggression?

A

-gene candidates for aggression are genetic codes (genotypes) that are associated with the display of aggressive behavior.

37
Q

XYY Genetic explanation of aggression?

A

-Early genetic research suggested chromosomal disorder XYY - suggested they were “supermales”, taller, more aggressive and less empathy.
-However early research was flawed XYY males were not overly represented in prison - theory is now rejected.

38
Q

MAOA Genetic explanation of aggression?

A

-MAOA - enzyme - breaks down erotonin.
-the low activity variant (MAOA-L) - associated with aggression. gene results in low production of MAOA - leads to high serotonin.
-found in 1/3rd of western men, over 60% in some communities.
-All these men are not aggressive - seems aggression only occurs if they also experience childhood abuse. (This is a diathesis (gene) stress (abuse) model of aggression.

39
Q

Evaluation of Genetic explanation of aggression: MAOA research.

A

Brunner (1993)
-case study on extended family in Netherlands.
-males had history of impulsive aggression and rape attempts.
-Males in family had low activity MAOA gene.
-Suggests extreme levels of aggression can have genetic origin - leads to neurological abnormality.

Stuart et al (2014)
-97 men who had committed intimate partner violence (IPV)
-genetic analysis defective MAOA gene present in the most physically and psychologically aggressive offenders.
-suggest role of MAOA-L in expression of aggressive behavior.

40
Q

Application of genetic explanation of aggression?

A

-lead to treatment programs.
-Staurt suggest that IPV treatment can be improved by genetic screening and then careful targtetting of medication and suitable behavioral interventions.

41
Q

What is ethology of aggression?

A

-scientific study of animal behavior.
-reasons animals display aggression can be used to understand aspects of human aggression.

-Animal behavior though to provide evolutionary advantages - animal aggression - keep it on top of social hierarchy, protect from threats and attract mates.

42
Q

What is ritualistic animal aggression?

A

-members of a species will respond with the same set of behaviors to stimuli or threat.
-e.g. growling, showing teeth, puffing up to look threatening, shows of submission.

43
Q

Lorenz ethological theory of aggression?

A

-aggressive energy builds up within animals but set of inherited neural circuits called innate releasing mechanism stop aggression bing expressed.

44
Q

What are innate releasing mechanisms?

A

-inherited neural circuits
-triggered by stimulus in environment
-preforms predictable aggressive behavior called fixed action pattern.

45
Q

What are fixed actions patterns?

A

=predictable aggressive behaviors
-innate
-all members of a species perform same set of behavior without learning them.
-

46
Q

Ethology research evaluations - Sticklebacks.

A

Tinbergen (1947)
-male sticklebacks show highly ritualised attack patterns to males of the same species.
-Male Sticklebacks presented with realistic model of stickleback, but missing red belly, and then unrealistic model but with red belly.
-Males only attacked unrealistic models with red underbellies.
-Suggest male sticklebacks do have innate releasing mechanism for aggression - released by red underbellies of other males.
-results in fixed action patter of aggressive behavior.

47
Q

Ethology research evaluations - Monkeys

A

Slackett (1966)
-isolated infant monkeys form mothers t avoid learnt behaviors.
-Showed isolated monkeys photos of monkeys displaying threatening and non-threatening poses.
-Monkeys displayed defensive poses only to threatening pictures.
-suggest monkeys are born with instinctive set of behaviors (FAPs) that are triggered when they are shown aggression.

48
Q

Ethology research evaluations - the use of animal studies.

A

+able to separate biological and socio-cultural processes.
+gives insight into biological origin of aggression.
-limited generlisability - too much of human aggression is not instinctual but premeditated, highly organised e.g. warfare.

49
Q

Evolutionary theory of aggression?

A

-if Genes give a survival advantage, individual more likely to reproduce so gene is passed on.
-Humans aggressive behavior - beneficial to reproductive success of ancestors.
-helps survive predators, compete for resources and mates (may see aggressive mate as more able to protect them and offspring.
-Genes can mutate - some mutations would increase aggressive behaviors.
-increased reproductive success - mutated genes that promote aggression being selected - passed on by off spring - survival of the fittest.

50
Q

Evolutionary explanation of male jealousy

A

-males cannot be sure of paternity, but mothers can be sure of maternity.
-high levels of male violence towards partners - attempt to ensure faithfulness and certainty that they are investing resoutces into their own children.

51
Q

Evolutionary explanation: Mate retention strategies.

A

-e.g. mate guarding - limiting partners movement.
-and use of threats against infidelity.

52
Q

Evolution Research Evaluations - murder rates in families.

A

Daly and Wilson (1990)
-compared rate of murders in families on blood relatives/ non-blood relatives.
-across wide range of cultures - more likely to kill family members not genetically related to them.
-one data set shows infants 100 time more likely to be killed when living with one or more step-parents.
-suggest because parents are resistant to spending limited resources on children - not their own.

53
Q

Evolution Research Evaluations - women rate aggressive men.

A

Sadalla (1987)
-women rate descriptions high vs low dominant, aggressive of domineering man.
-highly dominant men - rated more sexually attractive.
-high aggressive men and domineering men - not rated as more attractive - rate as less like able, and promiscuous.
-Suggest aggression in men does not improve reproductive success.
-however dominance without aggression does.
-Possibly due to dangers for females of having aggressive partners.

54
Q

Evolution Research Evaluations - ethical implications

A

-suggest male aggression is innate - could provide justification for male abusers of women.
-men may claim unable to control aggressive impulses.

55
Q

Evolution Research Evaluations - cultural and temporal validity.

A

-significant differences in aggression in males through time and culture.
-significant decrease in aggression over last 30 years.
-evolution takes many generations so does not explain this data.
-as socialisation pressures change quickly this may be a better explanation.

56
Q

What is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

-Aggression is always caused by frustration (Donald and Miller 1939).
-Frustration happens when our goal directed behavior is stopped.
-Frustration is build up of mental tension - psychodynamic theory .
-According to psychodynamics releasing negative emotion leads to catharsis.

57
Q

Displacement of aggression

A

-psychodynamic concenpt
-if we cannot release aggression to cause of our aggression we release it onto a weaker target.

58
Q

Factors that increase likely hood of aggression in frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

-Proximity to goal - closer you are - higher the chance of aggression.
-If being aggressive is actually likely to remove barrier between you and goal.
-More likely to repeat behavior if aggression helps to achieve goals - rewarded. and they don’t get punished.

59
Q

jigsaw experiment frustration aggression hypothesis - evaluation.

A

Geen (1968)
all participants had to do jigsaw puzzle.
-1 group participants interfered with by non-hostile confederate.
-Another group verbally attacked by confederate (insulting intelligence).
-Results: both groups later chocked confederate at much higher than control group who had not been interfered with.
-Suggests frustration is a factor in aggression.
-Verbally attacked gave even higher shocks - suggests that frustration is not the only factor - psychological processes like anger felt after attack - played a role.

60
Q

Que jumping
frustration aggression hypothesis - evaluation.

A

Harris (1974)
-investigated proximity to goal affect.
-field experiment - got confederates to push into real cue either two from the front, or near the back (11 from front).
-Aggressive response of person behind confederate was observed.
-Subjects at front of the line - more aggressive.
-Suggests frustration leads to aggression and is more intense when nearer goal.

61
Q

Limitation of FA - individual differences

A

-Can’t explain why some people are more able to resist aggression when frustrated.
-or be aggressive when not frustrated - e.g. serial killers.
-aggressive people often repeat aggression regularly - suggests it is not cathartic.

62
Q

SLT theory of aggression

A

-aggressive behavior from role models more likely to be imitated if observes see role model being rewarded (vicarious reinforcement).
-less likely if RM is punished for aggression (vicarious punishment).
-If observer identifies with role model (high status, attractive or similar) more likely to imitate behavior.
-Self-efficacy (observers confidence that they can perform behavior) - increased if being aggressive has been successful in past.
-** Cognitive mediating factors** (attention, retention, reproduction and motivation) - needed for imitation.
-Observer can internalise the behavior without repeating aggression immediately.

63
Q

Bobo doll study SLT hypothesis - evaluation.

A

Bandura (1961)
-Child watches adult model hitting inflatable toy - imitate observed aggression - often even exact acts adults did.
-When adults were not aggressive - children were not.
-Suggests children learn aggressive behavior through SL principles - more likely to imitate same gendered role model.

64
Q

Playground aggression - SLT - research evaluation.

A

Williams (1986)
-observed for playground aggression before and after TV was introduced in Canadian town.
-increase in verbal and physical aggression post TV.
-Suggest viewing aggressive symbolic models on TV led to children imitating observed aggressive behaviors.

65
Q

De-individuation hypothesis of aggression?

A

-Festinger (1952) - loss of individuality - loss of personal control - makes non aggressive people more likely to join aggressive acts.
-feel anonymous educes feelings of personal responsibility - lower inhibitions and guilt .
-reduction of public self-awareness reduces personal responsibility.
-focused outwards - less likely to reflect on personal thoughts and values - lowers private self-awareness.

66
Q

De-individuation Zimbardo - Evaluation of De-individuation hypothesis

A

-Zimbardo 1969
-female participant asked to shock learner (confederate).
-de-individuation condition - participants worse large lab coats and hoods - could not be identified by other participants.
-Identifiability condition - greeted by name - given name tags.
-de-individuation participants shocked for 2x as long (90sc) vs individuated (48sc).
-suggests anonymity increases aggression.

67
Q

Evaluation of De-individuation hypothesis: Dark room.

A

-Gergen et al (1973)
-groups of 8 participants into lit or darkened small rooms.
-participants taken out individually - told they would not be introduced to other participants + no rules on what they could do in room.
-no aggression in any participants.
-infra-red cameras found dark room more affectionate - 90% touching another person - 50% hugging.
-no participants in lit room intentionally touched each other.
-suggest anonymity results in low inhibitions due to de-individuation - however does not automatically result in aggression.

68
Q

Evaluation of De-individuation hypothesis: face validity.

A

-people without previous convictions get caught up in violent riots.
-tribes use masks and armies use uniform in warfare - removing individuality.

69
Q

Evaluation of social psychological explanations of aggression: real life application.

A

-understanding de-individuation - city planners can make cities feel individuated using CCT and bright lights - decreases violence.
-SLT can be used to prohibit children watching shows with aggression so they don’t imitate.
-frustration aggression - develop activities that provide catharsis without harming anyone.

70
Q

Evaluation of social psychological explanations of aggression: lab studies and confounding variables.

A

-experimental research on how social psychological factors are linked
with aggression show a short term cause and effect links within lab situations.
-difficult to show link in long term real world examples.
-confounding factors, e.g. children who are exposed to more aggressive
models may also be educationally, financially and nutritionally deprived.

71
Q

Evaluation of social psychological explanations of aggression: nurture-nature.

A

-says aggression is due primary to nurture - comes from interaction with the environment, experience and learning.
-ignores role of nurture role of nature for example that genetics (MAOA) and biological processes such as neuro-transmitters (Serotonin).
-Suggest its not full explanation - for not all exposed to role models, de-individuation and frustration become aggressive

72
Q

Institutional aggression - Dispositional explanation - characteristics of prisoners

A

Importation model
Irwin and Cressey (1962):
-Inmates import with them a subculture of criminality - beleifs, norms, learning experiences, and personal characteristics (e.g gender and ethnicity).

-As a result use aggression to establish power and access to resources.

-Aggression - result of individual characteristics - not environment.

73
Q

Institutional aggression - Dispositional explanation - anger a trauma of prisoners.

A

Importation model
DeLisi et al. (2011) - juvenile delinquents in California institutions - imported many different negative backgrounds.

childhood trauma, anger, histories of substance abuse and violent behaviour.

-compared 2 groups - one with negative backgrounds, other without (control)

Outcomes:
negative group more likely to engage in:
-suicidal activity
-sexual misconduct
-acts of physical aggression.

74
Q

Institutional aggression - Situational explanation - stress created by prison environments

A

Deprivation model
Clammer (1958) - harsh conditions - cause stress - inmates cope by behaving aggressively.

-deprivation: freedom, material goods - worsened by unpredictable prison regime - uses ‘lock-ups’ to control - reduces access to goods further.

-Aggression - adaptive solution to deprivation.

-Psychological deprivation: freedom, independence, heterosexual activity.

Physical: dep of material goods - increases aggression competition among inmates.

75
Q

Institutional aggression - Situational explanation:
Prison-level factors are independent of prisoners dispositions

A

Steiner (2009)
-factors predicting aggression in 512 US prisons.

-Inmate on inmate violence - more common in prisons with higher proportions of female staff, overcrowding and more inmates in protective custody.

-prison level factors - because they are independent of individual prisoners characteristics.

76
Q

Strength of the Importation model: research support

A

Camp and Gaes (2005)
no significant difference in aggression - inmates in low security prisons (33%) vs high security prisons (36%).

-concluded: environment less important than prisoner characteristics.

-this is strong evidence for importation due to random allocation of inmates.

77
Q

Limitation of importation model: ignores key factors.

A

Dilulio 1991
-ignores factors influencing behaviour - prison officers + running of the prison.

-administrative control model (ACM) - poorly managed prisons - worst violence - weak leadership, distant staff, few educational opportunities.

-therefore importation - inadequate explanation on it’s own.

78
Q

Strength of deprivation model: research support

A

Cunnigham et al. 2010
-inmate homicides in Texa - linked to deprivation identified in Clemmer’s model.

-homicides after arguments between cell sharers - ‘boundaries’ crossed. (E.g. drugs, sexual activity.)

-these are factors identified by deprivation model - supports validity.

79
Q

Limitation of deprivation model: contradicting research

A

Dep model predicts lack of Heterosexual contact - leads to aggression.

Hensley et al. 2002
-studied 2 US prisons - found no difference in prisoners who had conjugal visits (fore sex).