Aggression

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

Intent to cause harm outside of the laws of the sport.

Question 2

Assertion

Answer 2

Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event.

Question 3

Examples of aggression

Answer 3

Player: Contact sports, high pressure, fights, cricket bowling at head
Coach: Football manager leaving box
Spectator: Pitch invasions

Question 4

Examples of assertion

Answer 4

Player: Fast bowlers doing bouncers to intimidate batsman, legal tackles
Coach: Stating opinions on opponent/officials
Spectator: Shouting/chanting

Question 5

Theories of aggression

Answer 5

> Instinct theory
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Social learning theory
Aggressive cue hypothesis

Question 6

Instinct theory

Answer 6

Evolutionary trait theory that we are born with aggressive instinct that surfaces when provoked or under threat.

Question 7

Example of instinct theory

Answer 7

> Territory - protection team mates at home ground
Catharsis is experienced when control is restored

Question 8

Issues with instinct theory

Answer 8

> Not all aggressive acts are reactive, some are pre-determined

Question 9

Frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 9

Frustration always leads to aggression.
> Blocking goals a performer wishes to achieve increases drive and aggression.

Question 10

Example of frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 10

> Golfer throwing club
Bowling a beamer when struggling to get batsman out

Question 11

Social learning theory

Answer 11

Aggression is a learned response copied from significant others (teammates, coaches, role models)

Question 12

Types of social learning

Answer 12

Vicarious modelling: Seeing professionals use intimidation towards officials to sway decision - grassroots copy
Verbal persuasion: Coach/player persuade someone else to do something - target specific opponents

Question 13

Aggressive cue hypothesis

Answer 13

Individual is frustrated when arousal levels are increased which creates readiness for aggression.
> Initiated by an incident

Question 14

Example of aggressive cue hypothesis

Question 15

Types of aggression

Answer 15

> Hostile
Channelled
Reactive
Instrumental

Question 16

Hostile aggression

Answer 16

The intent to injure is a central aim/focus.

Question 17

Channelled aggression

Answer 17

Term for assertion - the athlete plays a hard game, however intent is to show dominance, not to harm.

Question 18

Reactive aggression

Answer 18

Aggressive act due to threat and provocation - reaction to dangerous challenge.

Question 19

Instrumental aggression

Answer 19

Passive aggression - primary intention is not to injure, however act is carried out without care for others and injury is possible.

Question 20

Causes of aggression

Answer 20

> Over arousal
Underdeveloped moral reasoning
Bracketed morality

Question 21

Over arousal

Answer 21

> Heightened psychological arousal
Leads to lack of ability to exert self control

Question 22

Underdeveloped moral reasoning

Answer 22

> Aggression is justified by the performer
They feel the response is appropriate
Lack of sportsmanship

Question 23

Bracketed morality

Answer 23

> Aggression can b seen as acceptable in some situations
Performers are able to moralise its use in sport
Learned behaviour
Boxing
Football crowds riot together

Question 24

Linking types to theories

Answer 24

1) Instinct - Hostile
2) Social learning - Channelled
3) Aggressive cue - Reactive
4) Frustration-aggression - Instrumental

Question 25

Preventing aggression

Answer 25

Player: Channel aggression into assertion
Coach: Punish with fines, substitutions, reward inverse, promote responsibilities
Official: Apply rules consistently and fairly