Aggression Flashcards
What is aggression?
Intent to cause harm outside of the laws of the sport.
What is assertion?
Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event.
Give an example of aggression for a player, coach, and spectator?
Player: Contact sports, high pressure, fights, cricket bowling at head
Coach: Football manager leaving box
Spectator: Pitch invasions
Give an example of assertion of assertion for the player, coach, and spectator?
Player: Fast bowlers doing bouncers to intimidate batsman, legal tackles
Coach: Stating opinions on opponent/officials
Spectator: Shouting/chanting
What are the 4 theories of aggression?
> Instinct theory
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Social learning theory
Aggressive cue hypothesis
What is the instinct theory of aggression?
Evolutionary trait theory that we are born with aggressive instinct that surfaces when provoked or under threat.
What is an example of instinct theory?
> Territory - protection team mates at home ground
Catharsis is experienced when control is restored
What are some issues with instinct theory?
> Not all aggressive acts are reactive, some are pre-determined
What is the frustration aggression hypothesis?
Frustration always leads to aggression.
> Blocking goals a performer wishes to achieve increases drive and aggression.
What is an example of frustration aggression hypothesis?
> Golfer throwing club
Bowling a beamer when struggling to get batsman out
What is the social learning theory?
Aggression is a learned response copied from significant others (teammates, coaches, role models)
What are the two types of social learning?
Vicarious modelling: Seeing professionals use intimidation towards officials to sway decision - grassroots copy
Verbal persuasion: Coach/player persuade someone else to do something - target specific opponents
What is the aggressive cue hypothesis?
Individual is frustrated when arousal levels are increased which creates readiness for aggression.
> Initiated by an incident
What are the example of aggressive cue hypothesis?
What are the four types of aggression?
> Hostile
Channelled
Reactive
Instrumental
What is hostile aggression?
The intent to injure is a central aim/focus.
What is channelled aggression?
Term for assertion - the athlete plays a hard game, however intent is to show dominance, not to harm.
What is reactive aggression?
Aggressive act due to threat and provocation - reaction to dangerous challenge.
What is instrumental aggression?
Passive aggression - primary intention is not to injure, however act is carried out without care for others and injury is possible.
What are the causes of aggression?
> Over arousal
Underdeveloped moral reasoning
Bracketed morality
What is over arousal?
> Heightened psychological arousal
Leads to lack of ability to exert self control
What is underdeveloped moral reasoning?
> Aggression is justified by the performer
They feel the response is appropriate
Lack of sportsmanship
What is bracketed morality?
> Aggression can b seen as acceptable in some situations
Performers are able to moralise its use in sport
Learned behaviour
Boxing
Football crowds riot together
Link the four types to the four theories of aggression?
1) Instinct - Hostile
2) Social learning - Channelled
3) Aggressive cue - Reactive
4) Frustration-aggression - Instrumental
How can a player, coach, or official avoid aggression?
Player: Channel aggression into assertion
Coach: Punish with fines, substitutions, reward inverse, promote responsibilities
Official: Apply rules consistently and fairly
