Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

What is aggression?

A

Behaviour that is intended to injure a person or to destroy property

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2
Q

Nature vs nurture ideas of aggression

A
  • Nature = aggression is an innate drive
  • Nurture = aggression is a learned response
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3
Q

Freud (1920) psychoanalytic theory

A
  • Many of our actions are determined by instincts (esp. sexual)
  • When expression of instincts is frustrated, aggressive drive is induced
  • Aggression is a basic drive (like hunger)
  • Catharsis - reduce aggression by expressing it
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4
Q

Id vs Ego vs Superego

A
  • Id = primitive + instinctual (eg. “what an idiot, shout back!)
  • Superego = moral conscience (eg. “it’s not right to shout at someone”)
  • Ego = realistic, mediates between other 2 (eg. “if I shout back, people will stare. I’ll glare instead”)
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5
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard et al., 1939)

A

Inability to attain goal –> frustration –> aggressive drive –> (over aggressive catharsis) / (symbolic aggression catharsis)

  • Aggression always consequence of frustration
  • Frustration always leads to some form of aggression
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6
Q

Revised frustration-aggression hypothesis (Berkowitz, 1989)

A

Inability to attain goal –> frustration –> negative effect –> aggressive drive –> overt aggressive behaviour <– aggressive cues

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7
Q

Aggressive cue theory (Berkowitz, 1966)

A
  • Frustration produces anger rather than aggression
  • Frustration is psychologically painful –> can lead to aggression
  • For anger/psychological pain to be converted into aggression, cues are needed:
    > Environmental stimuli associated either with aggressive behaviour or the frustrating object/person
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8
Q

Ethological perspective on aggression (Lorenz, 1963)

A
  • Aggression is the fighting instinct in beast/man which is directed against members of the same species
  • Important in development as allows us to adapt to environment, survive in it + successfully reproduce
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9
Q

Social learning theory (Bandura, 1963)

A
  • All following lead to aggression:
    > Past learning
    > Current rewards & punishments
    > Social & environmental factors
  • Aggressive behaviours are learned through reinforcement + imitation of aggressive ‘models’
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10
Q

What does the general aggression model (Anderson & Bushman, 2002) take into account?

A
  • Social factors
  • Cognitive factors
  • Personality
  • Developmental factors
  • Biological factors
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11
Q

What is deindividuation?

A
  • Group situations minimise the salience of people’s personal identities, reduce their sense of public accountability
  • Produces aggressive/unusual behaviour
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12
Q

Differences in aggression based on sex, and what causes it

A
  • Boys = 37% verbal, 37% physical, 26% indirect
  • Girls = 31% verbal, 14% physical, 55% indirect
  • Testosterone
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13
Q

Neurobiological factors in aggression

A
  • Neuroanatomical differences
  • Less serotonin
  • More testosterone
  • Less cortisol
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14
Q

Ways in which brain function can lead to aggression

A
  • Increased arousal interfering with ability to think
  • Decreased ability to inhibit impulses
  • Impairment of attention, concentration, memory + higher mental processes
  • Misinterpretation of external stimuli/events
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15
Q

Warning signs of aggressive behaviour

A
  • Irritability
  • Fast speech
  • Restless pacing
  • Loud voice
  • Glaring eyes
  • Verbal threats
  • Intrusion into others’ personal space
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16
Q

How to deal with angry patients

A
  • Avoid being defensive
  • Stay calm + speak firmly
  • Body language
  • Demonstrate you are taking concerns seriously
  • Plan ahead