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DPS > Ageing > Flashcards

Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Why is our population as a whole ageing?

A
  • Older population itself lives longer
  • Improved healthcare
  • Decreases in infant + childbirth mortality
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2
Q

Why are our current ageing trends worrying?

A
  • High prevalence of disease in elderly
  • Draw heavily on healthcare resources
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3
Q

Types of ageing

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
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4
Q

What is primary ageing?

A

Natural decline

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5
Q

What is secondary ageing?

A

Results from disease, disuse or abuse (lifestyle + environmental)

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6
Q

Why do we age?

A
  • Wear and tear
  • Cellular
  • Rate of living (born with limited amount of physiological capacity
  • Programmed cell death
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7
Q

Types of cellular ageing

A
  • Type 1 –> Hayflick limit
    > Limit to number of times cells can divide (divisions decrease as we age)
  • Type 2 –> cross linking
    > Proteins in cells interact to produce molecules - makes body stiffer - increases as we age
  • Type 3 –> free radicals
    > Interact with molecules and cause cellular damage + shut organs down
  • Type 4 –> DNA
    > Is unstable to replicate itself when cells divide/DNA repair system
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8
Q

Physiological changes in the brain as we age

A
  • Age-related structural changes in neurones:
    > Cell body + axon (neurofibrillary tangles)
    > Dendrites
    > Plaques
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9
Q

Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system as we age

A
  • Accumulation of fat deposits
  • Stiffening of walls of arteries due to tissue change
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10
Q

Physiological changes in the respiratory system as we age

A

Rib cage + air passageways become stiffer

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11
Q

Physiological changes in appearance and movement as we age

A
  • Skin + muscle tissue decline
  • Internal bone mass decline
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12
Q

Physiological changes in the senses as we age

A

Transmissiveness, cataracts, etc.

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13
Q

Physiological changes in immune function as we age

A

Changes in immune system cell (eg. lymphocytes)

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14
Q

Psychological and cognitive changes as we age

A
  • Information processing (eg. language, memory)
  • Attention
  • Pyschomotor speed (eg. reaction time)
  • Mental + psycho-social health concerns
  • Organic mental disorders
  • Changing relationships
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15
Q

Techniques to promote healthy lifestyle factors and combat cognitive decline as we age

A
  • Physical activity
  • Mental stimulation
  • Avoiding excessive exposure to alcohol
  • Treating depression + managing stress
  • Controlling common medical conditions
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16
Q

What causes the menopause?

A

Decline in oestrogen (+ possibly endorphins)

17
Q

Primary and secondary menopause symptoms

A
  • Primary:
    > Hot flushes
    > Night sweats
  • Secondary:
    > Vaginal dryness
    > Depression
    > Somatic symptoms
    > Fatigue
18
Q

Treatment of menopause

A

HRT (less used today)

19
Q

What is dementia?

A

Family of diseases (Alzheimer’s most common)

20
Q

What happens in dementia?

A
  • Relentless progressive cognitive decline
    > Permanent brain damage (incurable)
  • Microscopic changes involving neurones:
    > Neurofibrillary tangles
    > Neuritic plaques
21
Q

Characteristics of dementia

A
  • Communication difficulties
  • Spatial + temporal disorientation
  • Aberrant behaviours (physical aggression, shouting, etc.)
  • Incontinence + inappropriate toilet behaviours
  • Memory loss
  • Change in personality
  • Depression + paranoia
  • Diminished ability for self-care
  • Inappropriate sexual behaviours
  • Wandering
  • Family stress + burden
22
Q

Individual risk factors of elder abuse

A
  • Poor physical health
  • Poor mental health
  • Gender
  • Mental disorders + alcohol/substance abuse in the abuser
23
Q

Relationship risk factors of elder abuse

A
  • Shared living situation
  • Financial dependency
24
Q

Community risk factors of elder abuse

A

Social isolation of caregiver

25
Q

Socio-cultural risk factors of elder abuse

A
  • Stereotypes
  • Systems of inheritance or land rights
  • Lack of funds for care
26
Q

What is ageism?

A

Stereotyping, prejudice and/or discriminating against a person on the basis of their age

27
Q

Types of ageism

A
  • Structural
  • Institutional
28
Q

WHO healthy ageing definition

A

Process of developing + maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age

29
Q

What contributes to healthy ageing?

A
  • Person’s ability to meet their basic needs
  • To learn, grow + make decisions
  • To be mobile
  • To build + maintain relationships
  • To contribute to society
30
Q

Key factors to make the transition to retirement positive and stress-free

A
  • Financial planning
  • Maintaining a life beyond work
  • If not motivated to retire then delay it
  • Keep busy - voluntary work
  • Maintain friendships, see friends regularly, make new friends
  • Be optimistic

DPS (20 decks)

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