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Social Psychology > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

1
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INTRO

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  • What is aggression?
  • Divided into: EXPLAINING AGGRESSION, SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS, CONTROLLING AGGRESSION
  • Studied via: BEHAVIOUR, OUTCOME, INTENTIONS
  • “Behaviour RESULTING in personal injury/destruction”; BANDURA (1973)
  • “Behaviour INTENDED TO HARM another of the species”; SCHERER (1975)
  • “Behaviour DIRECTED TOWARDS THE GOAL OF HARMING” another being trying to avoid said treatment”; BARON (1977)
  • “Behaviour that is DESIGNED TO HARM others”; BARON & BRANSCOMBE (2012)
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2
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INTRO: Instrumental Aggression

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  • Rational/calculated by individual to maximise personal gains (ie. aggression in rugby game to take out opponent)
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3
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INTRO: Emotional Aggression

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  • Reactive/impulsive, driven by emotions in the absence of rational cost-benefit analysis (ie. yelling/attacking loved ones despite risk of driving them away).
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4
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INTRO: Studying Aggression

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  • Methodological issues of HOW it can be observed/measured and whether it is ETHICAL to promote it
  • Pps usually given non-aggressive variables which aren’t fully representative of aggression irl (ie. noise/spiciness of food, speech speed, etc.)
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5
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EXPLAINING AGGRESSION

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  • Divided into theory of: EXPERIENCE + INNATE NATURE = THOUGHTS/EMOTIONS = ACTIONS
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6
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EA-IN: Biological Factors

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  • FREUD; Thanatos’ death wish all humans possess; instinct for self-destruction aimed outwards.
  • LORENZ; inherited “fighting instinct”; strongest males get most mates and pass it on.
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7
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EA-IN: Biological Factors (EVA)

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  • APPLICABILITY; aggression shows itself in many forms (ie. social exclusion (subtle) VS overt violence (explicit)); can it all be just down to genes?
  • FREQUENCY; aggression varies across societies/cultures/time; is it only genes if all ancestors are common?
  • UNCONSCIOUS; presumes lack of awareness so immeasurable and unfalsifiable; support is seen indirectly so of little real utility in preventing aggression.
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8
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EA-IN: On Balance

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  • Evolution may have a partial role, as in most psychology situations.
  • If aggression is solely fuelled by mate competition then we have to expect more MVSM aggression than to females, but for females not to exhibit it at all, which clearly is false.
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9
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EA-IN: On Balance (EG)

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  • GRISKEVICIUS et al. (2009); do men “aggress to impress”; pps read stories about: COMPETITION (ie. high job; 1/3 workers promoted, the rest fired); COURTSHIP (ie. meeting highly desirable partner); CONTROL (ie. lost wallet); aggression measured via: drink spilled on you by same-sex person at party; reaction?
  • Control was lowest for both sexes; Competition was high for both; Courtship was much higher for men than women.
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10
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EA-EX: Social Learning Perspective

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  • SKINNER; behaviour is displayed/maintained (REINFORCED) via association w/rewards
  • BANDURA (1977); SLT; any social behaviour is learned via DIRECT EXP (via reward) or INDIRECT EXP (via observing others being rewarded)
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11
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EA-EX: Social Learning Perspective (EG)

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  • BANDURA, ROSS & ROSS (1963); aggression via learning; young pps witnessed adult attack a doll in conditions of: LIVE, VIDEA, CARTOON, CONTROL
  • All conditions made kids be more aggressive to a doll than control; concluded than aggression can be learnt directly/indirectly (ie. exposure to aggressive role-models) and adapts to different situations.
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12
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EA-EX: Social Learning Perspective (EVA)

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  • ALTERNATE EXPLANATIONS; personalities of kids/sexes/hormones/experiences before experient.
  • ROLE-MODELS; don’t always lead to imitation if observed reward isn’t immediate; same-sex role model more likely.
  • MORE DETAIL; aggression can’t exclusively be down to drive/role models; other psych mechanisms play a part.
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13
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EA-EX: The Self

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  • FISCHER, KASTENMULLER & GREITEMEYER (2010); self in videogames; are personalised avatars related to aggression; pps played aggressive VS non-aggressive games w/personalised avatar/not; measured in chilli sauce grams (the fuck???).
  • Neither avatars were high in aggression in non-aggressive game; personalised avatars were considerably more violent in aggressive game.
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14
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EA-EX: Social Roles

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  • Gender roles/norms = aggression correlation?
  • LIGHTDALE & PRINCE (1994); half pps told de-individuated (non-monitored); half pps given personal qs and individuated (monitored); looked at sex dif.
  • Both sexes gave more info in de-individuated, w/more females; both gave less in individuated w/more males.
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15
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EA-EX: SLP/On Balance (EVA)

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  • Aggressive learning/responding partially controlled by the self, where activation facilitates aggression
  • SLP emphasises conscious awareness in aggression, unlike evolutionary ideas.
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16
Q

SD: Heat

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  • “Long hot summer effect”; emotional processes affected by physical discomfort = increased irritation, leading to reactive anger.
  • OSTER (2004) also said extreme cold (crop failures, poor economy) increases aggression.
  • May not be heat but temp, or better, the social CONSEQUENCES of natural forces
17
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SD: Heat (EG)

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  • CARLSMITH & ANDERSON (1979); “long hot summer effect”; found that the higher the temperature, the more likely a riot (x10^4) is.
  • ANDERSON, BUSHMAN & GROOM (1997); crime rates and temp in 50 USA cities 1950-1995; found + relation between temp and deadly assaults, yet not property crime; may be due to aggression being reciprocated fuelling a vicious cycle, whereas items can’t reciprocate.
18
Q

SD: Alcohol

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  • GIANCOLA et al (2009); alcohol/placebo groups; shocks given to opponent in interpersonal competition (focus on intensity/duration).
  • Aggression increased for both sexes; more in males for both conditions.
  • BARTHOLOW et al (2003); alcohol on attention/inhibition; focus on event related potentials (brain activity).
  • Influenced ACCURACY, not response time; impairs cognitive functioning and evaluation of others intentions/effects of personal behaviour.
19
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SD: Cultures of Honour

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  • Aggression via NSI; “cultures of honour” where aggression is appropriate response to defends ones honour (ie. South USA)
  • COHEN & NISBETT (1994); associated with: threats to WEALTH, less LAW ENFORCEMENT; leads to INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION, which as a survival instinct is AGGRESSIVE.
20
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SD: Cultures of Honour (EG)

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  • TIMMERMAN (2007); hit-by-pitch baseball; 27,00 showed that aggression more likely after homerun; related to pitcher birthplace/race; USA Southerners more likely to aggress.
  • Southerners of all race were likely to be hit after homerun, Non-Southerners too but less; both less likely if homerun not hit.
21
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SD: Drive Theories

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  • External conditions (ie. frustration) = drive to harm = OVERT ACTION
  • Aggression stems externally, working inwards to start drive (ie. Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis); largely dismissed as modern theories see more than one factor as necessary for aggression.
22
Q

SD: General Aggression Model

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  • 2 variables (SITUATIONAL/PERSON) interact to impact AFFECT/COGNITION/AROUSAL; repeated aggressive exposure strengthens structures and result is easier achieved by weaker factors.
  • ie. SITUATIONAL = provocation/frustration/role-models/cues/discomfort; PERSON = irritability/beliefs/pro-aggression values/hostile attribution
  • leads to CURRENT INTERNAL STATE (affect/cognition/arousal)
  • leads to APPRAISAL/DECISION, then THOUGHTFUL action if stopped or IMPULSIVE action is aggression succeeds
23
Q

CA: Punishment

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  • Societies punish aggression because:
    1. BELIEF; widespread that punishment is necessary (“fitting crime”)
    2. DISCOURAGEMENT; rarer aggression should get more severe punishment.
    3. SAFETY; removes “dangerous” individuals from damaging society
  • Conditions of reduction include:
    1. PROMPT; following act as soon as possible.
    2. CERTAIN TO OCCUR; high prob of following aggression
    3. STRONG; unpleasant to recipients
    4. JUSTIFIED; recipients see it as deserved
  • Rarely ever met; may be DELAYED/UNCERTAIN/VARIED/”UNDESERVED”
24
Q

CA: Self-Regulation

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  • Lashing out isn’t adaptive; internal mechanisms are required for self/cognitive control and can be depleted at that.
  • DEWALL et al (2007); ego depletion by resisting urge to eat donut; pps show more aggression if provoked.
25
Q

CA: Prosocial Thoughts

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  • Self-control doesn’t have to be negative; positive implicit attitudes towards regulating emotions = effortless self-regulation via helping/caring for others
  • MEIER, ROBINSON & WILKOWSKI (2006); the smoother pro-social thoughts are to the brain when provoked, the less likely aggression becomes (aka. “happy thoughts”).
26
Q

CA: Catharsis

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  • “Blowing off steam” (aka. muay thai)
  • DOLLARD et al (1939); if anger is vented nonharmfully, aggression tendancies will be reduced; widespread lay belief; do humans just look for any excuse for violence in some form or other?
27
Q

CA: Catharsis (EG)

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  • BUSHMAN (2002); hitting punching bag w/ someone in mind increases aggression chances compared to “fitness” conditions
  • ANDERSON (2003); violent VS non-violent lyrics led to hostile/friendly emotions; hostile lyrics led to hostile emotions as expected.
  • KONIJN, NIJE, BIJVANK & BUSHMAN (2007); 112 teen boys played violent/non-violent games; violent personalised games increased short-term aggression (ie. loud noise blast to opponent).
  • HUESMANN, MOISE-TITUS, PODOLSKI & ERON (2003); longitudinal study looking at kids’ exposure to TV violence; long-term increased aggression linked w/observed violence.
28
Q

CA: Catharsis (EVA)

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  • OVERESTIMATED; may not be as effective as we thought; some catharsis measures increase aggression rather than decreasing it.
  • OVER-THINKING; aggression increases w/time devoted to it; negative thoughts activate drive; ambiguous actions more likely to be hostile.
  • SHORT-TERM; positive emotional effects don’t last long; more likely to be long-term strengthening effects.
29
Q

CA: Bolstering Self-Esteem

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  • THOMAES et al (2008); high narcissists likely to lash out when egos threatened; self-esteem boosters may help prohibit immediate turn to aggression as self-image is less vulnerable.
  • THOMAES et al (2009); 12-15y; narcissism test then a self-esteem task OR other values; aggression rated by classmates.
  • High narcissists more aggressive than non w/o ego boost; no difference in self-affirmation.
  • aggression isn’t inevitable, even when pre-disposed.
30
Q

CA: SUMMARY

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  • Punishment can be effective under certain conditions.
  • Catharsis lacks support.
  • Aggression can be restrained via self-regulation/self-esteem boosts (w/high narcissism)
31
Q

SUMMARY

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  • EA: moves away from simple evolution drive theories; multiple provocations to GAM w/inputs interacting
  • SD: contribute importantly but via underlying psychological processes
  • AGGRESSION ISN’T INEVITABLE AND CAN BE CONTROLLED UNDER CORRECT CONDITIONS

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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