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IMSE (FINALS) > agglutination > Flashcards

agglutination Flashcards

1
Q

false positive or false negative

  • Reagent Failure
  • Improper washing
  • Failure to add AHG
  • Improper centrifugation
  • Serum/Cell ratio is too low
  • Delayed washing
A

false negative reaction

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2
Q

P.A. or R.P.A.

  • carrier: LATEX
  • component/reagent attached: ANTIBODY
  • detects patient’s: ANTIGEN
A

reverse passive

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3
Q
  • Non visiblereaction, first union of Ag-Ab
  • ELISA, RIA, IFA
  • MOST SENSITIVE
A

primary Ag-Ab reaction

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4
Q

AHG

Anti C3d or Anti-IgG only Prepared by Monoclonal antibody (mice)

A

monospecific AHG

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5
Q
  • Phagocytosis, Opsonization, chemotaxis
  • In vivo Ag-Ab reaction
A

Tertiary Ag-Ab reaction

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6
Q

Involves measurement of the number of residual non-agglutinating particles in the specimen. These are counted by means of a laser beam in an optical particle counter similar to one that is designed to count blood cells

A

PACIA (particle counting immunoassay)

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7
Q
  • A reaction in which carrier particles coated with antibody clump together because of a combination with antigen
  • S. aureus
  • S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae
  • Neisseria spp., Leptospira
A

reverse passive agglutination

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8
Q
  • Added to Negative AHG test to validate the negative reaction
  • Lack of agglutination invalidates the results
A

O check cell

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9
Q

Forces involved in Antigen-Antibody Binding:

A
  • Electrostatic Forces (Ionic Bonds)
  • Van der Waals Forces (London Dispersion Forces)
  • Hydrogen Binding
  • Hydrophobic Binding
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10
Q

agglutination

potentiator

A

enhancement

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11
Q
  • “in vitro sensitization”
  • Crossmatching Test
  • Antibody Detection
  • Antibody Identification
  • Red Cell Antigen Phenotyping: Du Testing
A

indirect antiglobulin tests

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12
Q
  • Sum of all attractive forces between an antigen and an antibody
  • the strength with which a multivalent antibody binds a multivalent antigen, and it is a measure of the overall STABILITY of an antigen–antibody complex
A

avidity

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13
Q

agglutination

The antibody attaches to the antigen on the red cell membrane

A

sensitization

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14
Q
  • is the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site (paratope) on an antibody molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen.
  • The strength of attraction/interaction between an individual antigen and antibody molecule.
  • WEAK BONDS
A

affinity

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15
Q

After addition of O Check Cell, Agglutination indicates:
1. (?)
2. (?)

A
  • AHG was added
  • AHG was not neutralized
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16
Q

AHG

Anti-C3d, Anti-IgG Prepared by Conventional Technique (rabbits)

A

polyspecific AHG

17
Q
  • A systems using bacteria as the inert particles to which antibody is
    attached.
  • Staphylococcus aureus is most frequently used (Protein A).
  • Particles exhibit greater stability than latex particles and are more refractory to changes in ionic strength.
  • reactions are often difficult to read.
  • (?) reagents have been used in identification of Streptococci, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Vibrio cholera 0139, and Haemophilus influenzae
A

coagglutination

18
Q
  • A reaction in which particles coated (Latex, RBC, Gelatin, Silica) with antigens not normally found on their surfaces clump together because of combination with antibody
  • ANA, RF, Group A Streptococcus
  • CMV. HIV, VZV
A

passive agglutination

19
Q
  • Ability of antibodies to Clump Cells (Gruber & Durham, 1896).
  • The process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form large complexes when specific antibody is present.
  • PARTICULATE ANTIGEN + SOLUBLE ANTIBODY → LARGE COMPLEX
A

agglutination

20
Q
  • in vivo sensitization
  • Investigation of HDN
  • Investigation of HTR
  • Diagnosis of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
  • Diagnosis of Drug Induced Hemolytic Anemia
  • Penicillin (Drug Adsorption), Cephalosporin (Membrane Modification), Rifampin, Stibophen, Phenacetin (Immune Complex), Methyldopa, Mefenamic Acid (Autoantibody Production)
A

direct antiglobulin tests

21
Q
  • Reducing (?) of medium facilitates interaction of ab with ag
A

ionic strength

22
Q
  • visible reaction
  • Precipitation, Agglutination, Neutralization, complement Fixation
  • LESS SENSITIVE
A

secondary Ag-Ab reaction

23
Q

Establishment of cross-links between sensitized particles and antibodies ~ agglutination

A

lattice formation

24
Q
  • An antigen–antibody reaction that results in the clumping of red blood cells.
  • Base on the Sedimentation Pattern
  • ABO slide typing
  • virus hemmaglutination: influenza, mumps
  • DAT/IAT
A

hemmaglutination

25
Q
  • An agglutination reaction based on competition between antigen-coated particles and soluble patient antigensfor a limited number of antibody combining sites.
  • Detection of illicit drugs (Cocaine, Heroin)
A

agglutination inhibition

26
Q
  • A test for detecting antibodies to certain viruses, based on lack of agglutination as a result of antibody neutralizing the virus
  • Detects antibody to Rubella, RSV, Influenza, Mumps, Measles, Adenovirus
A

hemmaglutination inhibition

27
Q
  • An antigen–antibody reaction that occurs when antigens are naturally found on a particle
  • widal testing
  • somatic “O”
  • flagellar “H”
A

direct agglutination

28
Q

Clinically significant abs react best at (?).

A

37°C

29
Q
  • Study of non-cellular portion of the blood.
  • In vitro study of Antigen-Antibody reaction.
  • A medical science dealing with blood serum especially in regards to its reaction and properties.
A

serology

30
Q
  • Optimum serum-to-cell ratio is (?).
  • Usually (?) drops serum to (?) drop of 2%–5% RBCs.
  • Follow manufacturer’s directions.
  • Incorrect ratio will likely to lead to (?) & (?)
A
  • 40:1
  • 2
  • 1
  • pro-zone
  • post-zone
31
Q
  • Effective way to enhance
    agglutination reactions.
  • one of the most efficient methods used in blood banking.
A

centrifugation

32
Q

P.A or R.P.A

  • carrier: LATEX
  • component/reagent attached: ANTIGEN
  • detects patient’s: ANTIBODY
A

passive/indirect agglutination

33
Q

Most abs react at pH (?)

A

6.5–7.5

34
Q

agglutination

Sensitized RBC’s come close together by forming bridges created by antibody

A

lattice formation

35
Q

false positive or false negative

  • Contamination of Reagent
  • Over centrifugation
  • Strong Agglutinins
  • Over incubation with enzyme-treated cell
  • Improper used of enhancement reagent
  • Saline stored in glass or metal container
A

false positive

IMSE (FINALS) (8 decks)

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