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A Forensic Anatomy > Age estimation of adults and non-adults > Flashcards

Age estimation of adults and non-adults Flashcards

1
Q

What are the methods of age estimation in adults?

A

Focussing on:
- Dental wear

  • Changes to the morphology of the pubic synthesis joint surface of the pelvis
  • Late fusing epiphyses (if <30 years old)
  • Degeneration changes (however, this is influenced by many factors eg. occupation and disease)
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2
Q

What are the methods of age estimation in non-adults?

A

Focussing on the different growth standards/stages

1) Dental development
2) Diaphyseal length (long bone)
3) Appearance and fusion of the ossification centres

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3
Q

Is it more accurate to determine the age of an adult or a non-adult?

A

Non-adult

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4
Q

Why do we want to determine the age of an individual at death?

A
  • Determine if adult/non-adult (different methods used to assess each)
  • Important for identification
  • Important when understanding the demographic of an assemble (helps to determine a particular context of death)
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5
Q

When do the deciduous teeth erupt?

A

1 year - 6 years after birth

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6
Q

When do the permanent teeth erupt?

A

6 years - 12 years after birth

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7
Q

How can you recognise immature bones? (4)

A

1) Size and proportion (adult bones but smaller)
2) Texture and density (porous, wobbly surface)
3) Shape and form
4) Epiphyses and metaphyses

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8
Q

How to determine the dental development stage determine the age of a non-adult?

A

1) The eruption of the the DECIDOUS and PERMANENT teeth

2) Measurements of the length of the long bone

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9
Q

How can the appearance and fusion of the ossification centres age a non-adult?

A

Stages of ossification:
- Bones develop in several pieces

  • Appearance of these pieces and fusion of these centres is AGE DEPENDANT
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10
Q

How many teeth do non-adults have?

What are these?

A

20

Per quadrant:

  • Central incisor
  • Lateral incisor
  • Canine
  • 2 x molars
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11
Q

How many teeth do adults have?

What are these?

A

32

Per quadrant:

  • Central incisor
  • Lateral incisor
  • Canine
  • 2 x premolars
  • 3 x molars
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12
Q

What is the order of the eruption of the deciduous teeth? (on the mandible)

A

1) Central incisor
2) Lateral incisor
3) Molar 1
4) Canine
5) Molar 2

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13
Q

What is the order of the eruption of the permanent teeth? (on the mandible)

A

1) Molar 1
2) Central incisor
3) Lateral incisor
4) Canine
5) Premolar 1
6) Premolar 2
7) Molar 2
8) Molar 3

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14
Q

At what ages should have NO deciduous teeth?

A

By 12.5 years

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15
Q

Describe the eruption of M1 and P1/P2

A

M1 erupts behind dm2 (so can look like a 3rd molar)

P1 erupts in the space of dm1
P2 erupts in the space of dm2

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16
Q

When is the start of mixed dentition in the mandible?

A

5.5 years old

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17
Q

When is the 6 teeth in the mandible quadrant?

A

When M1 erupts (5.5 years)

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18
Q

When is the 7 teeth in the mandible quadrant?

A

When M2 erupts (12.5-13.5 years)

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19
Q

When does the deciduous central incisor begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

4.5-7.5 months

FE - 10.5 months

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20
Q

When does the deciduous lateral incisor begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

7.5-10.5 months

FE - 1.5 year

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21
Q

When does the deciduous molar 1 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

10.5months

FE - 1.5 year

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22
Q

When does the deciduous canine begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

10.5 months-1.5year

FE - 2.5 year

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23
Q

When does the deciduous molar 2 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

1.5year

FE - 2.5 year

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24
Q

When does the permanent molar 1 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

5.5 years

FE - 5.5 years

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25
Q

When does the permanent central incisor begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

6.5 years

FE - 7.5 years

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26
Q

When does the permanent lateral incisor begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

7.5 years

FE - 7.5 years

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27
Q

When does the permanent canine begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

10.5 years

FE - 10.5 years

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28
Q

When does the permanent premolar 1 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

11.5 years

FE - 11.5 years

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29
Q

When does the permanent premolar 2 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

12.5 years

FE - 12.5 years

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30
Q

When does the permanent molar 2 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

10.5-11.5 years

FE - 12.5 years

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31
Q

When does the permanent molar 3 begin to erupt?

When is fully erupted?

A

16.5-23.5 years

FE - 23.5 years

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32
Q

What is the most reliable indicator or chronological age?

A

The formation and eruption of the deciduous and permanent teeth

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33
Q

What does a newly formed crown in the gum look like?

A

No roots
Sharp
Darker in colour

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34
Q

What does root reabsorption of the deciduous teeth look like?

A

Tapered ends of the roots (like icelolly)

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35
Q

Why do the deciduous teeth fall out?

A

Roots are reabsorbed to such extent that the crowns fall out

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36
Q

Why are wisdom teeth not a good indicator of age?

A

Some don’t erupt at all or are removed

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37
Q

What are the main differences between deciduous and permanent teeth?

A

Deciduous:

  • 5 tooth types (no premolars)
  • 20 (rather than 32)
  • Smaller
  • Prominent bulge to crown above the cervical margin
  • Lower quality enamel (thinner)
  • NARROW roots of the anterior teeth
  • FLARED roots of the molars
  • Roots are longer
  • Roots are reabsorbed prior to exfoliation of the crowns
  • LIGHTER in colour
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38
Q

Why are the deciduous teeth more likely to decay?

A

Enamel is lower quality

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39
Q

Why do the molars of the deciduous teeth have flared roots?

A

To accommodate the permanent molars underneath

40
Q

What is the difference between maxillary and mandibular molars

A

Mandibular have 2 roots

Maxillary have 3 roots

41
Q

What is the difference between maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth

A

Mandibular:
Smaller teeth
Smaller roots

42
Q

What is the difference between canines and premolars?

A

Canines - single cusp and longer (longest tooth). Pointy

Premolars - bicuspid

43
Q

What is the difference between the central and lateral insicors?

A

Central is larger

44
Q

How many roots do premolars have?

A

1

45
Q

What is often used to chart tooth development in non-adults?

Why are these not very reliable?

How is this overcome?

A

Pictorial charts

Not very reliable as individuals vary in sequence and timing of tooth development

Overcome by using age ranges

46
Q

Why can non-adults appear to have 3 molars?

A

There is a stage (before the premolars have replaced the deciduous molars) where 2 molars are deciduous and the 3rd is permanent

47
Q

What is a more reliable method: tooth eruption or crown development?

A

Crown development (tooth eruption can be very varible)

48
Q

At birth, what crowns are already developed?

A

The central and lateral incisors

49
Q

When do the remaining deciduous crowns in non-adults develop?

A

4.5 months

50
Q

When does the crown of the permanent molar 1 develop?

A

2.5-3.5 years

51
Q

When does the crown of the permanent incisor 1 develop?

A

10.5 months - 1.5 years

52
Q

When does the crown of the permanent canine develop?

A

2.5-3.5 years

53
Q

When does the crown of the permanent premolar 1 develop?

A

4.5-5.5 years

54
Q

When does the crown of the permanent premolar 2 develop?

A

5.5-6.5 years

55
Q

When does the crown of the permanent molar 2 develop?

A

5.5-6.5 years

56
Q

When does the crown of the permanent molar 3 develop?

A

11.5 years

57
Q

What bones are used in non-adults when measuring the diaphyseal lengths?

A

Humerus
Femur
Tibia

58
Q

What ages are diaphyseal length measurements used as an age estimation methog?

A

Infants to 12-15 years old

59
Q

What must be done after the measurement of diaphyseal length in order to get an age estimate of a non-adult?

A

Must be compared to reference data to infer age

60
Q

Why might diaphyseal length not correlate with other developmental stages (eg. dental development and epiphyseal fusion)?

A
  • Growth may be delayed by periods of malnutrition and illness
  • Sex differences in growth
61
Q

What is more reliable, dentition or diaphyseal length when estimating the age of non-adults?

A

Dentition

62
Q

How many bones do perinates/infants have?

How many do adults have?

How many do juveniles have?

A

300

206

Between 300-206

63
Q

What are the early fusing epiphyses?

A
  • Frontal bones
  • Mandible
  • Vertebral bodies
  • Neural arches
64
Q

When does epiphyseal fusion of the primary and secondary ossification centres in the long bones occur?

A

During adolescence

65
Q

What does epiphyseal fusion provide a marker for?

A

Marker of maturity that can be used to assess age and stage of development

66
Q

Where does epiphyseal fusion occur?

A

Both ends of the:

  • Humerus
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Clavicle
67
Q

What are the late fusing epiphyses?

A

Fusion that occurs later in adult life:
- Medial clavicle

  • Sacrum
  • Annular rings on the vertebrae
  • Flakes on the pelvis
  • Development and eruption of the M3
68
Q

What are the annular rings of the vertebrae?

A
  • The tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc surrounding the soft inner core
  • Connect the spinal vertebrae above and below the disc (is seen in between the vertebrae)
69
Q

Describe the late fusion of the medial clavicle

A
  • Epiphyses flake partially fuse: 16-21 years old
  • Epiphyses covering most of the surface: 24-29 years old
  • Complete fusion unlikely before 22 years –> attained by 30 years
70
Q

Describe the late fusion of the sacrum

A

Complete union of the S1 and S2 occurs between 25 and 30 years of age

71
Q

When does M3 usually erupt?

Can this be an indicator of immaturity?

A

18-25 years old

NO, absence cannot be an indicator of immaturity

72
Q

How is age estimated over 30 years old?

What is this influenced by?

A

DEGENERATION

Influenced by, environmental variables including:

  • Diet
  • Physical activity
  • Trauma
  • Disease
73
Q

What does the uncertainty of age estimation increase with?

A

Increases with AGE

74
Q

What methods are used to estimate the ages of adults?

A
  • Dental wear
  • Cranial suture closure
  • Degeneration of the joints in the pelvis (auricular surface and the pubic synthesis)
  • Bone mineral density
  • Histological analysis
75
Q

When does cranial suture closure tend to occur?

A

On average between the ages of 30-40

76
Q

What happens to mineral bone density with age?

A

Thinning of the cortical and trabecular bones with age

77
Q

Where is trabecular bone found?

A

In the long bones

78
Q

How can histological analysis determine age?

A

Accumulation of Haversian systems in cortical bone throughout adult life

–> counts of osteons can be used to estimate age at death

79
Q

What causes dental wear?

A

Attrition - by tooth-tooth contact

Abrasion - from hard particulates

Erosion - from acidic fluids in the oral cavity

80
Q

Describe the pattern of dental wear on teeh

A
  • Happens on the occlusal surface (look at the molars)
  • Teeth go from white (enamel) to dark (dentine revealed)
  • First forms small circles (as the cusps are worn down)
  • Then, see larger patches of dentine
81
Q

Is dental wear a good estimation of the age of an adult?

Why/

A

NO

Although it is cumulative and age progressive,

Dental wear can be influenced by:

  • Diet
  • Dental disease
  • Non-dietary usage of the teeth
82
Q

Why is there differences in the dental wear rates of the molars?

A

Due to the differences in the timings of eruption (exposed to dental wear for a longer time)

  • M1 (5.5 years)
  • M2 (12.5 years)
  • M3 (23.5-25 years)
83
Q

What is the Brothwell scheme of looking at dental wear?

A

Groups typical molar wear patterns into 4 different age categories in adults

In the mandibular molars

84
Q

How does the loss of teeth antemortemly impact dental wear?

A

Rate of wear on the remaining teeth is accelerated

85
Q

How can you tell if a tooth is lost antemortem?

A

Recognised by:
- Remodelling and eventual obliteration of the tooth socket

  • Movement of the remaining tooth crowns to replace the lost tooth
86
Q

What is the best way of determining the age of an adult?

Why?

A

Using the pubic synthesis

As it is an immobile joint - less likely to be influenced by movement and activity

87
Q

Describe the basic ageing of the pubic synthesis

A

Young adults:
- Horizontal grooves and ridges (billowing)

With increasing age:
- The grooves are infilled and the margins are thickened –> RIM around the joint surface

In OLD age:

  • Surface is pitted
  • Porous, irregular margin
88
Q

What needs to be dome before determining the age of the adult using the pubic synthesis?

Why?

A

Determine the SEX of the individual

Different rates of metamorphosis

89
Q

Who developed the six sequential stages of development of the pubic synthese?

A

Suchey and Brooks

90
Q

Why must there be other methods of determining the edge from the deterioration of joint surfaces?

What other methods are used?(2)

A

As the pubic synthesis is very delicate and often lost during excavation

Other methods:
- Auricular surface of the ilium

  • Changes in the sternal ends of the ribs 4-6
  • Closure of the cranial sutures
91
Q

How does the auricular surface of the ilium change with ageing?

A

Becomes pitted

92
Q

How do the sternal ends of the ribs 4-6 change with ageing?

A

Smooth and straight walled –> deeper surface with wider scalloping of the walls/bony projections on the margins begin to develop

93
Q

What happens to the cranial sutures with ageing?

A

Most fuse between 30-50

94
Q

What must be done when reporting age?

A
  • Give a range for age at death
  • Use as many methods as possible to determine the overall age-at-death (from the overlap)
  • Be clear with the methods that have been used to form the estimation
95
Q

What must NOT be done when reporting age?

A
  • DON’T give an average age from the age range

- DON’T assume all methods are equally accurate

A Forensic Anatomy (13 decks)

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