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Licenciatura 1313 > Afectividad y Motivación > Flashcards

Afectividad y Motivación Flashcards

1
Q

Para Aristóteles, las pasiones no tienen relación con el juicio. V o F.

A

Falso, para Aristóteles las pasiones son una de las causas del juicio

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2
Q

Para Descartes, ¿gracias a qué se da el movimiento del cuerpo?

A

Los espíritus animales

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3
Q

Para Descartes, los movimientos voluntarios dependen del alma.

A

Falso, sólo los pensamientos pertenecen al alma.

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4
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuál es la primera de las pasiones?

A

La admiración.

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5
Q

“Nace cuando uno se ha decidido actuar antes de que la irresolución haya
desaparecido”. ¿A qué pasión hace referencia Descartes?

A

Remordimiento.

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6
Q

¿Cuáles son las 2 facultades del alma? (Descartes)

A

Desear y rechazar

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7
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuál es la utilidad de las pasiones?

A

Fortalecen y hacen durar en el alma pensamientos

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8
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuáles son las 6 pasiones primitivas o primarias?

A

Admiración, amor, odio, deseo, gozo y tristeza

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9
Q

¿Qué pasa cuando la admiración se encuentra con otras pasiones? (Descartes)

A

Se une a ellas y las aumenta.

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10
Q

Para Descartes, el asombro es siempre y forzadamente malo. V o F.

A

Verdadero.

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11
Q

Para Descartes, ¿por qué la admiración es útil?

A

Hace que aprendamos y retengamos en nuestra memoria las cosas que hemos ignorado anteriormente

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12
Q

¿Cuáles son las 2 clases de amor que propone Descartes? Defina cada una.

A
  1. Benevolencia = incita a querer el bien para lo que se ama. 2. Concupiscencia = hace desear la cosa que se ama.
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13
Q

Para Descartes, cuando sentimos afecto es porque estimamos al objeto de admiración menos que a nosotros mismos. V o F.

A

Verdadero.

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14
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuál es la diferencia entre amor y el odio?

A

El amor es la voluntad a unirnos a objetos que nos son convenientes, mientras que el odio nos incita a querer separarnos de los objetos que se nos presentan como perjudiciales.

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15
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuál es la función del alma?

A

Producir el pensamiento.

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16
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuáles son los 2 tipos de voliciones?

A

Acciones del alma que se terminan en el alma misma y acciones que se terminan en nuestro cuerpo

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17
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuáles son los 2 tipos de percepciones?

A

Percepciones que tienen por causa el alma y percepciones que tienen por causa el cuerpo

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18
Q

Para Descartes, el movimiento voluntario es un tipo de pensamiento. V o F.

A

Falso, el movimiento tiene como principio el pensamiento, pero no es un pensamiento.

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19
Q

¿Cómo define Descartes el pensamiento?

A

el pensamiento son todas las operaciones de la voluntad, del entendimiento, de la imaginación y de los sentidos.

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20
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cómo ocurre el proceso de la memoria, la imaginación y el lenguaje?

A

Por el movimiento de la glándula pineal, el cual es producido por el alma.

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21
Q

Para Descartes, las pasiones pueden excitarse o suprimirse directamente por la acción de nuestra voluntad. V o F.

A

Falso. Sólo pueden hacerlo indirectamente.

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22
Q

Para Descartes, el alma por sí sola presenta contradicciones. V o F.

A

Falso, el alma no se contradice, lo único que contradice la razón es el cuerpo (cuando ambos mueven de forma distinta la glándula pineal).

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23
Q

Para Descartes, ¿cuál es la causa última de las pasiones del alma?

A

La agitación con la que los espíritus animales mueven la glándula pineal.

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24
Q

¿Cómo define William James la emoción?

A

Corresponde a una interpretación del cerebro acerca del cambio fisiológico en el cuerpo frente a una situación determinada

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25
Q

Para James, tanto las emociones como los instintos pueden ser provocadas por objetos imaginados o físicos. V o F.

A

Verdadero.

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26
Q

Para James, 1. Percibimos un estímulo, 2.. Tenemos un estado mental. 3. Tenemos una reacción corporal. V o F.

A

Falso, para James primero tenemos una reacción corporal y esta produciría el estado mental.

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27
Q

James está a favor de clasificar las emociones. V o F.

A

Falso, para James no existe un límite en el número de emociones que pueden existir, por lo tanto es inútil clasificarlas.

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28
Q

Autor que se refiere al cuerpo como una caja de resonancia.

A

William James.

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29
Q

Which authors postulate that “risky behaviors may be driven by deficits in emotion regulation”?

A

Weiss et al.

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30
Q

“Intrinsic and extrinsic processes involved in monitoring, evaluating and modulating emotional reactions to accomplish one’s goals”. ¿For which concept stands the previous definition?

A

Emotional regulation

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31
Q

Weiss et al state that impulsivity is the main driver of risky sexual behavior. T or F.

A

False, they consider the main driver to be emotion dysregulation.

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32
Q

According to Weiss et al, emotion regulation occurs exclusively when faced with negative experiences. T or F.

A

False, emotion regulation occurs both with positive and negative experiences.

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33
Q

According to Weiss et al, ¿which are the 3 dimensions of positive emotion dysregulation?

A
  1. nonacceptance of positive emotions, 2. difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when experiencing positive emotions, 3. difficulties controlling behaviors when experiencing positive emotions.
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34
Q

According to Weiss et al, positive emotion dysregulation occurs mainly on heightened positive emotional states. T or F.

A

False, it may also occur in response to low positive emotion states.

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35
Q

Weiss et al support the context-dependent nature of emotion dysregulation and risky behaviors. T or F.

A

True.

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36
Q

Accordingto Weiss et al, ¿what are the 3 main physiological processes that underly the ability to regulate emotions?

A

Heart rate variability (HRV), pre-ejection period (PEP) and cortisol reactivity.

37
Q

It was found that greater autonomic system reactivity was more associated with emotion dysregulation than longer duration of autonomic system activation following a frustrating task. T or F.

A

False, in fact duration of activation was a stronger indicator of emotion dysregulation than the amount of system reactivity.

38
Q

What implications do the findings of Weiss et al have for treatment methods?

A

It elucidates the potential utility of targeting emotion dysregulation in treatments aimed at reducing risky behaviors.

39
Q

¿Cuáles son los 3 niveles de análisis que considera el modelo multinivel de Oschner & Gross (2008)?

A

(a) measures of behavioral, experiential, and physiological re- sponses to (b) descriptions of information-processing mechanisms and (c) their neural substrates

40
Q

According to Oschner & Gross, from which cognitive model do emotions arise from?

A

emotions arise from brain systems that appraise the significance of stimuli with respect to our goals and needs.

41
Q

“Involves rethinking the meaning of affectively charged stimuli or events in terms that alter their emotional impact”. For what concept stands the previous definition?

A

Cognitive reappraisal

42
Q

What is the difference established by Batson (2011) between moral and altruistic motivation?

A

Moral motivation is based on the ultimate role of upholding a moral principle, whereas altruistic motivation is based on the ultimate motive of enhancing another’s welfare.

43
Q

Which 2 types of altruistic motives are adressed by Einsenberg et al?

A

Empathy concern (or sympathy) and internalized principles or values.

44
Q

According to Einsenberg et al, sympathy appears to be a potent motivation for children’s altruistic prosocial behavior, at least in contexts involving others’ overt displays of distress or need. T or F.

A

True.

45
Q

What kind of motive is associated with instances of low-cost, instrumental helping? (Eisenberg et al)

A

Competence-related motivation

46
Q

By age 3, children are more likely to engage in pro-social behavior when others are aware of their behavior (Eisenberg et al). T or F.

A

False, this happens from age 5 onwards.

47
Q

According to Eisenberg et al, children are more likely to engage in pro-social behavior in the future when they are being rewarded. T or F.

A

False, they are less likely to engage in pro-social behavior in the future when receiving a reward.

48
Q

According to Eisenberg et al, children are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior when they expect to be punished for not doing so. T or F.

A

True.

49
Q

According to Eisenberg et al, at 1 year of age children haven’t developed empathic concern in reaction to other’s distress. T or F.

A

False. Empathic concerned has been observed in the first year of life.

50
Q

According to Eisenberg et al, empathic concern increases across pre-school and school years. T or F.

A

True.

51
Q

According to Eisenberg et al, there is no research with children directly examining empathic joy and social relatedness as motives for pro-social behavior. T or F.

A

True.

52
Q

According to Eisenberg et al, a heuristic model of pro-social motivation consideres a continuum of other-oriented to egoistic motives. T or F.

A

True.

53
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, the phenomenon of empathy doesn’t necessarily entail sharing the affective experiences of others. T or F.

A

False.

54
Q

How do Singer & Lamm define empathy?

A

Empathy occurs when an observer perceives or imagines someone else’s (i.e., the target’s) affect and this triggers a response such that the observer partially feels what the target is feeling.

55
Q

How do Singer & Lamm define mimicry?

A

Mimicry is defined as the tendency to automatically synchronize affective expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person

56
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, mimicry is always accompanied by an emotional component. T or F.

A

False, there are cases in which mimicry occurs without an emotional component.

57
Q

“It denotes the tendency to “catch” other people’s emotions and has alternately been labeled “primitive empathy””. To what term does this definition refer to? (Singer & Lamm)

A

Emotional contagion.

58
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, emotional contagion is always accompanied by motor mimicry.

A

False, there are cases in which emotions are automatically elicited by observing others’ emotional states without the involvement of motor mimicry.

59
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, both emotional contagion and mimicry are necessary for the experience of empathy. T or F.

A

False, mimicry and emotional contagion are neither necessary nor sufficient for the experience of empathy, as empathy crucially depends upon self-awareness and self/other distinction.

60
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, what is the main difference between 1. sympathy, empathic concern and compassion and 2. empathy?

A

Empathy denotes that the observer’s emotions reflect affective sharing (“feeling with” the other person) while compassion, sympathy, empathic concern denote that the observer’s emotions are inherently other oriented (“feeling for” the other person).

61
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, empathy inevitably leads to pro-social behavior. T or F.

A

False, empathy is considered a necessary step for pro-social behavior, but it can also be used for harming others.

62
Q

Para Singer & Lamm, la mayoría de los modelos neurocientíficos contemporáneos enfatizan que la empatía es un proceso automático o bottom-up. V o F.

A

False: there is considerable evidence that empathy is substantially modulated by top-down processes such as attention or the contextual appraisal of a situation

63
Q

By which two ways can the top-down processes affect the empathic response? (Singer & Lamm)

A

One way is to either inhibit or amplify representations that have been activated via sensory channels and mechanisms associated with perception-action coupling (contextual appraisal). The second way is to generate empathic responses by means of imagination or anticipation of the other’s state in the absence of any bottom-up stimulation (mental imagery)

64
Q

Which structures are associated with contextual reappraisal? (Singer & Lamm)

A

Cortical structures such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial and anterior cingulate cortex, right ventral premotor cortex, inferior and superior parietal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex

65
Q

Which structures encode bottom-up driven affective responses? (Singer & Lamm)

A

Anterior insula, amygdala, and possibly also parts of the ventral striatum

66
Q

What are the 2 types of mental imagery that can be implemented in the top-down regulation of empathy? Which of the 2 has proven to be the most effective? (Singer & Lamm)

A

Image-self (imagening that you are in the other’s place) and image-other (focusing on the other’s feelings and affective expressions). The results indicated higher personal distress and less empathic concern during the imagine-self perspective,

67
Q

Structure associated with re-evalutating the valence of he seemingly aversive, yet actually neutral biopsy stimulus. (Singer & Lamm)

A

orbiofrontal cortex (OFC)

68
Q

Structure linked to self-other distinction and self-awareness. (Singer & Lamm)

A

right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ)

69
Q

Name the 2 structures involved in the processing of the affective component of pain. (Singer & Lamm)

A

Anterior insula (AI) and the Anterior Cirgulate Cortex (ACC)

70
Q

According to Singer & Lamm, the saliency of the somatosensory quality of pain that determines whether somatosensory areas will or will not be involved in empathy for pain. T or F.

A

True.

71
Q

What is the difference established by William James between “coarser” and “subtler” emotions?

A

Coarser emotions are bodily-based emotions, whereas in subtler emotions organic reverberation is less obvious and strong.

72
Q

What are the two contrasting philosophical theories mention by Fausto? Can you define each of them?

A
  1. Causal theory of action, which holds that behavior only qualifies as action if it has a certain sort of psychological cause, or involves a certain sort of psycho- logical causal processes. 2. Pragmatist-inspired cognitive scientists, which hold that actions are not the output of an intentional brain center but, rather, the result of a self-organizing process distributed over a variety of motor and sensory centers
73
Q

De acuerdo a Fausto, la visión estándar en neurociencias es que la ínsula está relacionada con la experiencia emocional, mientras que la corteza cingulada anterior (ACC) está relacionada con las expresiones. V o F.

A

Verdadero.

74
Q

¿Cuál es el método utilizado principalmente en el artículo de Fausto?

A

Electrical stimulation.

75
Q

According to Fausto, ACC appears to be a crucial node for both emotional expression and experience.

A

True.

76
Q

According to Fausto, emotional experiences emerge from a dynamic interplay between sensory and motor components. T or F.

A

True.

77
Q

De acuerdo a Fausto, ¿qué es lo que plantea la teoría de Darwin?

A

Dice que los estímulos causan estados emocionales que generan expresiones emocionales (teoría contraria a lo que plantean William James y Fausto)

78
Q

De acuerdo a Fausto, ¿qué es lo que plantea Mead acerca de las emociones?

A

Dice que las emociones son orientadas a una meta y enfatiza la importancia de interacciones sociales.

79
Q

Autor que plantea que Cerebro y cuerpo están indisociablemente integrados mediante circuitos bioquímicos y neurales conectados mutuamente. La interconexión está dada por dos formas: nervios periféricos sensoriales y motores, y, el torrente sanguíneo.

A

Damasio.

80
Q

Damasio está a favor de una unidad integradora en el cerebro. V o F.

A

Falso, afirma que no existe una unidad en el cerebro capaz de procesar simultáneamente representaciones de todas las modalidades sensoriales.

81
Q

¿Cuáles son los 2 tipos de imágenes que plantea Damasio?

A

Imágenes perceptuales e imágenes rememoradas.

82
Q

Para Damasio, el pensamiento está formado por imágenes. V o F.

A

Verdadero.

83
Q

Para Damasio, ¿cuáles son las estructuras cerebrales relacionadas con el conocimiento innato?

A

Hipotálamo, tallo cerebral y sistema límbico

84
Q

Para Damasio, ¿cuáles son las estructuras cerebrales relacionadas con el conocimiento adquirido?

A

Cortezas de orden superior, núcleos de materia gris bajo la corteza

85
Q

Para Damasio, ¿qué son las representaciones disposicionales?

A

Constituyen nuestro depósito completo de conocimiento, tanto innato como adquirido

86
Q

Para Damasio, el genoma humano especifica toda la estructura del cerebro. V o F.

A

Falso, hay aspectos estructurales que sí, pero otros por la actividad del organismo vivo, a medida que se desarrolla.

87
Q

Para Damasio, los genes se encargan de nuestra estructura general del cerebro que ya viene determinada. V o F.

A

Falso, los genes se encargan de una estructura cerebral con estructura precisa que todavía ha de determinarse.

88
Q

Para Damasio, ¿de qué 2 estructuras dependen las emociones primarias?

A

Amígdala y corteza cingulada anterior

89
Q

Autor que plantea que la emoción es la combinación de un proceso de valoración mental, simple o complejo, con respuestas a ese proceso que emanan de las representaciones disposicionales.

A

Damasio.

Licenciatura 1313 (13 decks)

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