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Anatomy 204 > Aerobic Cocci > Flashcards

Aerobic Cocci Flashcards

1
Q

Strep pyogenes significant ID features

A 
Beta hemolysis
Bacitracin S
SXT R
CAMP test =
Hippurate Hydrolysis =
LAP +
PRY +
Bile Esculin = 
NaCL =
Optochin R
Vancomycin S
Bile solubility =
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2
Q

Strep agalactiae significant ID

A 
Beta hemolysis
Bacitracin R
SXT R
CAMP +
Hippurate hydrolysis +
LAP +
PYR = 
Bile esculin =
NaCl = 
Optochin R 
Vancomycin S 
Bile solubility =
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3
Q

Strep equines significant ID

A 
Beta hemolysis 
Bacitracin V
SXT S
CAMP = 
Hippurate hydrolysis =
LAP +
PYR =
Bile esculin =
NaCl =
Optochin R
Vancomycin S
Bile solubility =
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4
Q

Enterococcus significant ID

A 
Alpha, Beta, Gamma hemolysis
Bacitracin R 
SXT R
CAMP = 
Hippurate V
LAP +
PYR +
Bile esculin +
NaCl +
Optochin R
Vaconmycin S (R)
Bile solubility =
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5
Q

Strep pneumoniae significant ID

A 
Alpha hemolysis 
Bacitracin S
SXT S
Hippurate = 
LAP +
PYR = 
Bile esculin = 
NaCl =
Optochin S
Vancomycin S
Bile solubility =
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6
Q

Principle of latex agglutination for Staph species

A

Formalin killed Staph aureus cell are used because of large amounts of protein A (bind Fc portion of IgG antibody). Fab sites able to react with specific antigens

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7
Q

Strep viridans significant ID

A 
Alpha, gamma hemolysis
Bacitracin R
SXT S
LAP +
PYR = 
Bile esculin = 
NaCl = 
Optochin R
Vancomycin S
Bile solubility =
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8
Q

Strep milleri significant ID

A 
LAP +
PYR +
Bile esculin = 
NaCl = 
Optochin R
Vancomycin S
Bile solubility =
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9
Q

Abiotrophia significant ID

A

alpha, gamma hemolysis
LAP +
PYR +
Vancomycin S

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10
Q

Granulicatella significant ID

A

alpha, gamma hemolysis
LAP +
PYR +
Vancomycin S

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11
Q

Aerococcus significant ID

A 
alpha hemolysis
Bacitracin S 
Hippurate V
LAP = 
PYR +
Bile esculin V
Vancomycin S
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12
Q

Helocococcus significant ID

A 
alpha, gamma hemolysis
Hippurate = 
LAP = 
PYR +
Bile esculin = 
Vancomycin S
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13
Q

Leuconostoc significant ID

A 
gamma hemolysis 
LAP = 
PYR = 
Bile esculin +
Vancomycin R
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14
Q

Gamella significant ID

A 
alpha, gamma hemolysis
Hippurate = 
LAP +
PYR +
Bile esculin =
NaCl = 
Vancomycin S
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15
Q

Pediococcus significant ID

A 
alpha hemolysis
Hippurate +
LAP = 
PYR = 
Bile esculin +
Vancomycin R
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16
Q

Tetragenococcus significant ID

A

alpha hemolysis
Hippurate +
LAP =
Vancomycin S

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17
Q

Lactococcus significant ID

A

Hippurate +
LAP +
Vancomycin S

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18
Q

Staph aureus significant ID

A 
Beta hemolysis 
Catalase + 
Coagulase +
Polymyxin S
Novobiocin S
PYR = 
Oxidase = 
Lysosome R
Lysostaphin S
Bacitracin R
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19
Q

Staph saprophyticus significant ID

A 
gamma hemolysis 
catalase + 
coag = 
polymyxin S 
Novobiocin R 
PYR = 
Oxidase =
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20
Q

Staph epideridis significant ID

A 
gamma hemolysis
Catalse + 
Coagulase = 
Polymyxin R 
Novobiocin S 
PYR = 
Oxidase =
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21
Q

Staph haemolyticus significant ID

A 
Catalase +
Coagulase = 
Polymyxin S
Novobiocin S
PYR + 
Oxidase =
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22
Q

Staph hominis significant ID

A 
Catalase +
Coagulase = 
Polymyxin S
Novobiocin S
PYR = 
Oxidase =
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23
Q

Staph warneri significant ID

A 
Catalase +
Coagulase = 
Polymyxin S
Novobiocin S
PYR = 
Oxidase =
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24
Q

Micrococcus significant ID

A 
Catalase + 
Coagulase = 
Oxidase + 
Lysosome S
Lysostaphin R 
Bacitracin S
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25
Q

Strep pyogenese bacitracin & SXT results

A

Bacitracin S

SXT R

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26
Q

Strep agalactiae bacitracin & SXT results

A

Bacitracin R

SXT R

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27
Q

Strep equines bacitracin & SXT results

A

Bacitracin V

SXT S

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28
Q

Enterococcus bacitracin & SXT results

A

Bacitracin R

SXT R

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29
Q

Strep pneumoniae bacitracin & SXT results

A

Bacitracin R

SXT S

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30
Q

Strep viridans bacitracin & SXT results

A

Bacitracin V

SXT S

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31
Q

Strep agalactiae pathogenicity

A

group B specific antigen, infection in newborn & women who become ill after childbirth, endometritis & wound infection

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32
Q

Strep pyogenes pathogenicity

A

bacterial pharyngitis, pyodermal infections, rheumatic fever, invasive streptococcal infections

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33
Q

Strep pneumoniae pathogenicity

A

pneumonia, sinusitis, otis media, bacteremia, meningitis

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34
Q

Strep viridans group pathogenicity

A

Most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis & implicated in infections of immunocompromised meningitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis

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35
Q

Enterococcus pathogenicity

A

UTIs, wound infections, inter-abdominal abscesses

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36
Q

Pedicoccus pathogenicity

A

isolated form saliva, stool, urine, wounds. rarely causes disease but septicemia and bacteremia have been reported

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37
Q

Strep milleri pathogenicity

A

abscesses & other pyogenic infections

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38
Q

Staph aureus pathogenicity

A

skin & wound infections, food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome

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39
Q

Staph epidermidis pathogenicity

A

predominantly hospital-acquired, with catheterization, prosthetic heart valve implantation

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40
Q

Staph saprophyticus pathogenicity

A

UTIs in young sexually active females

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41
Q

Micrococcus species pathogenicity

A

rarely causes infections

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42
Q

Stomatococcus pathogenicity

A

Opportunist pathogen, isolated most often from drug abuse

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43
Q

Staph colony morphology

A

Medium, moist, white/cream/yellowish. Some beta hemolysis (S. aureus)

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44
Q

Staph microscopic morphology

A

gram pos cocci in clusters or tetrads

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45
Q

Beta strep colony morphology

A

small to pinpoint, translucent/white. Beta hemolysis (group A - large zone, group b - narrow zone, group C)

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46
Q

Beta strep micro morphology

A

gram pos cocci in chains or pairs

47
Q

Strep penumoniae colony morphology

A

small to pinpoint, translucent/gray, alpha hemolysis. older colonies -
coinlike appearance, mucoid

48
Q

Strep penumoniae micro

A

Gram pos diplococci (cat eye shape)

49
Q

Enterococcus colony morphology

A

small, white to gray with disappearing borders, no hemolysis but can show it

50
Q

Enterococcus gram stain

A

gram pos cocci that are spherical or ovoid in shape, pairs or short chains

51
Q

How to distinguish between Staph aureus and other Staph species?

A

Coagulase, latex agglutination

52
Q

How to differentiate between Staph from Strep

A

Catalase test

53
Q

No hemolysis

A

Nothing occuring

54
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

Partial hemolysis

55
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

Complete hemolysis

56
Q

Does beta hemolysis always indicate the presence of Strep?

A

No, many other organisms can cause beta hemolysis on BAP, such as some strains of Staph aureus & gram neg rods

57
Q

3 ways to identify Enterococcus

A

Automated systems, PYR, BE, NaCl

58
Q

Leucine aminopeptidase test (LAP)

A

Leucine aminopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds adjacent to a free amino group. Addition of para-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent (DMACA) causes a red color to develop in + test

59
Q

Organisms that LAP differentiates

A

Aerococcus, Leuconostoc from other gram pos cocci

60
Q

Strep, Enterococcus, Pediococcus LAP results

A

LAP +

61
Q

Aerococcus, Pediococcus LAP results

A

LAP =

62
Q

VRE

A

Treatment: synercid & linezolid

63
Q

Genetics of VRE

A

Proteins encoded by the vanA and vanB genes confer resistance to vancomycin in clinically important enterococcal species. Enterococcus spp containing the vanA phenotype are highly resistant to vancomycin. The transmissibility of vanA is of great concern in the medical community. The genes sequentially modify the peptidoglycan termini, N-acyl-D-ala-D-ala, involved in cross-linking to N-acyl-D-ala-D-lactate. The non-crosslinked peptidoglycan termini result in resistance to vancomycin.

64
Q

Hospital acquired MRSA

A

HA-MRSA. Acquired while in the hospital recently, long term care, dialysis or indewelling devices

65
Q

Community acquired MRSA

A

CA-MRSA. Infections among people who lack the traditional healthcare associated risk factors Infections among althletes, inmates, military recruits, pediatric patients, tattoo recipients

66
Q

Staph enterotoxins

A

A, D, F.

cause nausea/vomiting & diarrhea (S. food poisoning)

67
Q

Staph exfoliative toxin

A

Epidermolytic toxin. Causes epidermal layer of skin to slough off

68
Q

Cytolytic toxins

A

Alpha, beta, delta, gamma. extracellular proteins that affect RBCs & leukocytes

69
Q

PVL

A

Helps S. aureus invade tissues

70
Q

Enzymes

A

-beta lactamase, coagulate & staphylokinase activates plasminogen

71
Q

Staph enzymes (fibrinolysin, protease, lipase, hyaluronidase)

A

Destroy tissue, help infection spread

72
Q

Staph: Protein A

A

binds to the Fc portion of IgG, blocking phagocytosis.

Mec A gene /PBP2

73
Q

Strep virulence factors

A 
M protein
Enzymes
Streptolysin O & S
DNAase A-D
Streptokinase A & B
Pyrogenic Toxins A-C
Capsule
74
Q

Slide agglutination principle

A

Extraction of the C carbohydrate, which is the specific group antigen, done by heat or acid. Group specific antisera with a visible tag is mixed & viewed for agglutination

75
Q

ELISA

A

extraction occurs first then a common sandwich EIA technique - anti Group A beta Strep, group a beta strep antigen/wash/add antibody to group A beta Strep with enzyme tag. If the group A beta strep antigen is there - a sandwich technique & reaction will occur

76
Q

Quelling reaction

A

Historical capsular swelling used for the rapid ID of Strep pneumoniae

77
Q

Strep penumoniae virulence is directly proportional to what?

A

Presence of a capsule

78
Q

3 test used in ID of strep pneumoniae

A

Optochin, automated procedures, bile solubility, quelling, antigen typing

79
Q

What substance present in the cell wall of Group A strep is responsible for virulence of the organism?

A

M protein

80
Q

What role does Strep pyogenes play in rheumatic fever?

A
  • Antibodies attach to heart valves & tissue damage occurs
  • Exotoxin damage
  • Invasion of heart tissue by organism
81
Q

Why does someone who has a Strep throat infection get another

A

80 different M protein serotypes - each with a unique antibody response

82
Q

Secondary condition to Strep throat infection

A

Glomerulonephritis

83
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice in treating group A beta hemolytic Strep infections?

A

Penicillin (amoxicillin)

Use erythromycin if allergic

84
Q

Staph food poisoning

A

Enterotoxins A & D cause symptoms to appear in 2-8 hours & resolve within 6-8 hours

85
Q

Bound coagulase-slide coagulase

A

detects enzyme that connects fibrinogen to fibrin on surface of cell clumping factor.

86
Q

Free coagulase - tube coagulase

A

Detects enzyme that is excreted away from cell wall. Staphylocoagulase

87
Q

Testing methodology for ID of MRSA

A 
Agglutination - PBP2
Automated for Mec A gene
Oxacillin 
Cefotoxin
MRSA media
88
Q

Gram stain for Neisseria

A

Gram neg diploccoci

89
Q

Antibiotics used in modified thayer martin plates

A
  • inhibit growth of normal flora

- Vancomycin, colistin, nystantin, trimethoprim

90
Q

Vancomycin purpose on MTM media

A

inhibit gram pos cocci

91
Q

Colistin purpose on MTM media

A

inhibit gram neg rods

92
Q

Nystantin purpose on MTM media

A

inhibit yeast

93
Q

trimethoprin purpose on MTM media

A

swarming proteus

94
Q

Test used to differentiate N. gonorrhoeae

A

Growth on choc plate, glucose pos, other sugars neg

95
Q

Test used to differentiate N. meningitidis

A

grows on both BAP & choc, glucose pos, maltose pos, other sugars neg

96
Q

Pathogenicity of N. meningitidis

A

May have capsule, endotoxin production, pili & IgA protease, all contribute.

97
Q

Meningococcal vaccination

A

Used on people ages to 11-55 years. Covers all serogroups except B

98
Q

N. meningitidis serogroup associated with Waterhouse-Frederichsen

A

Serotype B

99
Q

Non-culture test to detect N. gonorrhoeae

A

Fl. test, direct microscopic examination, immunollogic methods, nucleic acid probe

100
Q

Dry slide oxidase test

A

Add organism to purchased test card, if turns purple then +

101
Q

Oxidase dropper & filter paper

A

Add oxidase reagent & then organism - purple is pos

102
Q

Chemical oxidase method

A

Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride

103
Q

Pathogenicity of Moraxella catarrhalis

A

Opportunistic pathogen & is recognized as a cause of upper respiratory tract infections in healthy children & elderly
Also cause lower respiratory infections in adults with COPD

104
Q

Predisposing factors for Moraxella catarrhalis infections

A

Advanced age, immunodefiency, neutropenia, chronic debilitating diseases

105
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis ID

A

Grow on BAP & choc, “hockey puck” morphology - remains intact when pushed with a loop & moves across agar like a puck

106
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis ID tests

A

Asaccharolytic, DNase pos, butyrate esterase reactions

107
Q

N. meningitidis serogroups associated with epidemics

A

A, B, C, Y, W-135

108
Q

N. meningitidis serogroup A

A

Associated with pandemics

109
Q

N. meningitidis serogroup B & C

A

Most common in USA, group B frequently involved in community-acquired diseases

110
Q

N. meningitidis serogroup Y

A

Primarily causes meningococcal pneumonia

111
Q

N. meningitidis serogroup W-135

A

Responsible for invasive disease

112
Q

Principle of superoxol test

A

Uses 30% H202 and is performed the same way as catalase test

113
Q

Superoxol test for N. gonorrhoeae

A

IMMEDIATE VIGOROUS bubbling, considered positive

114
Q

N. meningitidis & N. lactamica superoxol test

A

Weak, delayed bubbling, considred negative

Anatomy 204 (6 decks)

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