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Metabolic System > Aerobic Bio-energetic Systems (oxidative) > Flashcards

Aerobic Bio-energetic Systems (oxidative) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the oxidative system?

A

Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain

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2
Q

What are the by-products of the krebs cycle per turn?

A

3 NADH

1 FADH

1 ATP

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3
Q

Which by-products of the krebs cycle go to the Electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH

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4
Q

What is Cytochrome C?

A

A protein that is essential for the proper function of ETC.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

Production of energy

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6
Q

What is the last enzyme used in the ETC?

A

ATP synthase

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7
Q

What is the amount of ATP per NADH and FADH molecule?

A

NADH 2.5 ATP

FADH 1.5 ATP

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8
Q

What is glucose?

A

Simple sugar that is a big source of energy. Found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body makes out of the macronutrients.

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9
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Stored form of glucose. Found in muscle and liver.

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10
Q

What is the hydrogen acceptor and combines with hydrogen to form water? (keeps ETS going)

A

Oxygen

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11
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle and ETS occur?

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

What is the function of the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

It is used as a shuttle to enter the mitochondria and give a hydrogen to FAD. Loses an ATP

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13
Q

Where is the glycerol phosphate shuttle found?

A

Fast skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Where is the malate aspartate shuttle found?

A

Highly aerobic muscle cells (Heart and type I)

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15
Q

What is the function of the malate aspartate?

A

To shuttle directly from the cytoplasm NADH to mitochondrial NADH. No energy is lost

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16
Q

What are the 4 advantages of the oxidative system?

A
  1. Not limited to a single substrate (can use CHO, Fat, Protein)
  2. Large quantities of ATP re-synthesized (30 ATP from glucose vs 2 ATP from glycolysis)
  3. Keeps ADP and Pi low
  4. Helps maintain cytoplasmic NAD
17
Q

What are the 6 disadvantages of the oxidative system?

A
  1. Slow process
  2. Takes places on the mitochondria; away from the action site (slower)
  3. Two separate stages both with several steps; multiple places for failure
  4. Requires O2 to keep process going.
  5. Needs multiple mechanisms to produce acetyl CoA
    a) Glycolysis
    b) Lipolysis
    c) Proteolysis
  6. Must have NAD to operate
18
Q

What is the glycolysis reaction to make Acetyl CoA?

A

Glucose ==> pyruvate ==> Acetyl CoA

19
Q

What is the lipolysis reaction to make Acetyl CoA?

A
  1. Triglyceride ==> Free fatty acid (FFA)

2. Beta oxidation: FFA ==> Acetyl CoA

20
Q

What is the proteolysis reaction to make Acetyl CoA?

A

Amino acid (AA) deamination: AA ==> Acetyl CoA

21
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

22
Q

What is Lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of fatty acids from glycerol.

Triglycerides = glycerol + 3 fatty acids

23
Q

What happens after lipolysis?

A

FFA and glycerol enter the bloodstream.

24
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

Breakdown of FFA into Acetyl CoA

25
Q

What does the long chain FFA need to be transported into the mitochondria?

A

Carnitine

26
Q

What happens when FFA enters the mitochondria?

A

The loss of 2 ATP

27
Q

How many carbons in each Acetyl CoA?

A

2

28
Q

What is proteolysis?

A

Breakdown of protein

29
Q

What is deaminate?

A

Removal of an amino group (NH3 removal)

30
Q

Where can deaminated amino acids be used?

A

Gluconeogenesis and in the production of oxaloacetate (OAA)

31
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The manufacturing of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

32
Q

What are the 4 principal sources used for gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate
Pyruvate
Glycerol
Amino Acids

33
Q

Where gluconeogenesis occur?

A

Liver or resting skeletal muscle (requires as many as 4 ATP)

34
Q

What is fat utitlization dependent on?

A

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

35
Q

What is OAA made from?

A

Glucose (carbs) and amino acids (proteins)

36
Q

What does “Fat must burn in the presence of CHO” mean?

A

If no CHO is present, fat utilization causes self cannibalism.

37
Q

What part of the oxidative system is Acetyl CoA part of?

A

Krebs cycle

38
Q

What part of the oxidative system is NADH and FADH part of?

A

ETC

39
Q

What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

To take Acetyl CoA and turn it into 3NADH, 1FADH and 1ATP

Metabolic System (8 decks)

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