Aerobic and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration (Unit 2) Flashcards
Aerobic cellular respiration definition?
Process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic compounds. Found in most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. Energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi to supply the cell with energy.
Four stages involved, all transferring free energy and producing ATP in two ways.
Substrate level phosphorylation definition?
Formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, catalyzed by an enzyme.
Occurs in the initial stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
Oxidative phosphorylation definition?
Process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions, involving oxygen and electrons.
Takes place later in the stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
Obligate aerobe definition?
Organism that cannot live without oxygen
Use aerobic cellular respiration only/most of the time
Two types of aerobic cellular respiration?
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Two types of anaerobic cellular respiration?
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration definition?
Process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy
Fermentation definition?
Process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy
What organisms use anaerobic pathways?
Many prokaryotes/protist use anaerobic respiration/fermentation to get energy (living in environment with little/no oxygen)
What happens in fermentation?
NAD+ is regenerated when pyruvate is converted to ethanol in plants and yeast.
How is yeast used in baking?
In baking, yeast converts sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing only 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.
What is alcohol fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation is the process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol, regenerating NAD+ and allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
What happens to lactate during vigorous exercise?
During vigorous exercise, when ATP demand exceeds supply and ETC activity decreases, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue and produce some ATP.
How is lactate managed when rest occurs after exercise?
When rest occurs, lactate is converted back to pyruvate and NADH, increasing the activity of the citric acid cycle (CAC).
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria that live in the absence of oxygen and use molecules other than oxygen (such as sulfate, SO4^-2) as the final electron acceptor.
