Aerobic and Anaerobic Cellular Respiration (Unit 2)

Question 1

Aerobic cellular respiration definition?

Answer 1

Process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic compounds. Found in most eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. Energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi to supply the cell with energy.

Four stages involved, all transferring free energy and producing ATP in two ways.

Question 2

Substrate level phosphorylation definition?

Answer 2

Formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, catalyzed by an enzyme.

Occurs in the initial stages of aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 3

Oxidative phosphorylation definition?

Answer 3

Process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions, involving oxygen and electrons.

Takes place later in the stages of aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 4

Obligate aerobe definition?

Answer 4

Organism that cannot live without oxygen

Use aerobic cellular respiration only/most of the time

Question 5

Two types of aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 5

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

Two types of anaerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 6

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

Question 7

Anaerobic respiration definition?

Answer 7

Process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy

Question 8

Fermentation definition?

Answer 8

Process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy

Question 9

What organisms use anaerobic pathways?

Answer 9

Many prokaryotes/protist use anaerobic respiration/fermentation to get energy (living in environment with little/no oxygen)

Question 10

What happens in fermentation?

Answer 10

NAD+ is regenerated when pyruvate is converted to ethanol in plants and yeast.

Question 11

How is yeast used in baking?

Answer 11

In baking, yeast converts sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing only 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.

Question 12

What is alcohol fermentation?

Answer 12

Alcohol fermentation is the process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol, regenerating NAD+ and allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

Question 13

What happens to lactate during vigorous exercise?

Answer 13

During vigorous exercise, when ATP demand exceeds supply and ETC activity decreases, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue and produce some ATP.

Question 14

How is lactate managed when rest occurs after exercise?

Answer 14

When rest occurs, lactate is converted back to pyruvate and NADH, increasing the activity of the citric acid cycle (CAC).

Question 15

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 15

Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria that live in the absence of oxygen and use molecules other than oxygen (such as sulfate, SO4^-2) as the final electron acceptor.

Question 16

Where can anaerobic bacteria be found?

Answer 16

Anaerobic bacteria can be found in environments such as soil, where they use molecules other than oxygen for respiration.