Adolescence Development

Question 1

What is Emerging Adulthood?

Answer 1

• a new area of study as a result of the change in Western society
• delays in marriage and parenthood.
• Lengtheir education
• Barriers to Financial Independence

Question 2

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Answer 2

• Posted dilemmas to different ages; is it ok to steal medicine to save someone’s life?
• Focus on reasoning rather than overt behaviour
• 3 levels of moral development, each divided into 2 stages

Question 3

Define Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder

Answer 3

As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.

Question 4

What are the stages of Adolescence Development?

Answer 4

1. Preconventional level: Younger children; Think in terms of external authority
   * Stage 1 - Punishment-obedience orientation = right or wrong is determined by what is punished
   *Stage 2 - Instrumental-hedonistic = right or wrong is determined by what is rewarded
2. Conventional level: Older children; See rules as necessary for social order
   * Stage 1 - Good-child orientation = right or wrong is determined by close other’s approval or disapproval
   * Stage 2 - Law and order orientation = right or wrong is determined by social rules & laws, which should be obeyed rigidly
3. Postconventional level: During adolescence; Working out a personal code of ethics. Rules are seen as less rigid.
   * Stage 1 - Social Contract orientation = right or wrong is determined by society’s rules, which are fallible rather than absolute
   * Stage 2 - Universal ethical principle = right or wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasise equality and justice

Question 5

State the 8 stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 5

1. Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy, 1-2 years)
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt ( Early childhood, 2-4 years)
3. Initiative vs Guilt ( Preschool age, 4-5 years)
4. Industry Vs Inferiority ( School age, 5-12 years)
5. Identity vs Role Confusion ( Adolescence, 13-19 years)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Early Adulthood, 20-40 years)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation ( Adulthood, 40-65 years.
8. Ego Integrity vs Dispair ( Maturity, 65 - death)

Question 6

Cognitive Development in Adulthood
Recall vs Recogniton memory

Answer 6

There is a decline in recall memory but recognition memory stays relatively intact or has a slower rate of decline

Question 7

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

Answer 7

Hippocampal volume change has been associated with memory performance

Question 8

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 8

An incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain and can cause dementia.

Question 9

Fluid intelligence

Answer 9

Refers to processes of reasoning and ability to think flexibly, this typically decreases with age

Question 10

Crystalized intelligence

Answer 10

Refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skills, this typically does not decrease with age