Adolescence

Question 1

puberty

Answer 1

• 2 years long
• starts around 11 for females, 13 for males
• milestones: first menstrual cycle (around 12-13), first ejaculation (around 14)
• sequence typically the same, time is not

Question 2

primary sex characteristics

Answer 2

• testes
• genitals
• ovaries

Question 3

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 3

• voice
• body hair
• breasts
• hips

Question 4

oestrogen

Answer 4

responsible for female primary/secondary sex characteristics
- oestradiol production 8x higher in females during mid teens
- 2x higher in males

Question 5

androgen

Answer 5

responsible for male primary/secondary sex characteristics
- testosterone is 20x higher in males during mid teens
- 4x higher in females

Question 6

spermarche

Answer 6

first ejaculation, around age 12

Question 7

menarche

Answer 7

first menstruation, following be first ovulation
- usually 2 years after puberty starts

Question 8

early maturation impacts

Answer 8

more negative experiences for females
- depressed mood, negative body image, etc.

more positive experiences for males
- higher popularity, favourable body image etc.

Question 9

late maturation impacts

Answer 9

fewer problems for females

males have higher rates of alcohol use and delinquency and lower grades at school

Question 10

disordered eating behaviour

Answer 10

symptoms and behaviours of an eating disorder but at a lesser frequency and lower level of severity

Question 11

reasons for substance use (4)

Answer 11

1. experimental
2. social
3. medicinal
4. addictive

Question 12

changes in the brain

Answer 12

• prefrontal cortex
  - higher order cognition
• limbic system
  - amygdala
  - emotions and emotional responses
  - hypothalamus
  - hormones
• corpus callosum
  - connects left and right hemispheres, connections to language and learning

increases in myelination and synaptic pruning

Question 13

piaget in adolescence

Answer 13

formal operations
- capable of thinking logically and abstractly
- can think about thinking
- cognitive maturity complete

Question 14

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 14

• ability to think scientifically and logically
• can find the right answer and know why it is right (not random choice)
• can test own assumption and thinking

Question 15

abstract thinking

Answer 15

can understand and think logically about abstract concepts and ideas

Question 16

complex thinking

Answer 16

formal operational thinking is more complex and understand ideas can have multiple meanings
- can see complexity and bigger picture

Question 17

metacognition

Answer 17

can think about own thinking and what others think of them

Question 18

selective attention

Answer 18

ability to focus on relevant information and screen out irrelevant information

Question 19

divided attention

Answer 19

trying to focus on two things at once
- results in less efficient learning

Question 20

memory changes in adolescence (3)

Answer 20

short term memory
- increases in capacity
- holds roughly 7 pieces of information

long term memory
- improves in terms of storage and retirval
- has infinite capacity

working memory
- improves overall

Question 21

social cognition

Answer 21

the way young people think about other people, social relationships and social institutions

Question 22

perspective taking

Answer 22

Selman
- improvement in understanding thoughts and feelings of others
- can imagine how they are viewed by others

Question 23

adolescent egocentrism

Answer 23

Elkind
- having difficult distinguishing your own thinking about yourself from the thoughts of others
- imaginary audience (think you’re the main character)
- personal fable (no one understands me)

Question 24

actual self

Answer 24

how i see myself

Question 25

possible selves

Answer 25

my potential
- feared self
- what I don’t want to become
- ideal self
- what I want to become

Question 26

false self

Answer 26

present a self to the world that doesn’t match what you’re actually thinking

Question 27

domains of adolescents self image (8)

Answer 27

1. scholastic competence
2. social acceptance
3. athletic competence
4. physical appearance
5. job competence
6. romantic appeal
7. behavioural conduct
8. close friendship

Question 28

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (3)

Answer 28

level 1: preconventional reasoning
- decisions based on reward/punishment
- what will happen after?

level 2: concessional reasoning
- decisions based on value of conforming
- what does society say?

level 3: post conventional reasoning
- decisions based on own independent judgement/values
- what do I say?

Question 29

world view theory of moral development (4)

Answer 29

Shweder and Jensen

worldview shapes ->
moral reasoning, results in ->
moral evaluations, leads to ->
moral behaviours, reinforces -> (worldview)

Question 30

Jensen’s 3 ethics

Answer 30

1. ethic of autonomy
2. ethic of community
3. ethic of divinity

Question 31

intimiacy

Answer 31

the degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts and feelings

Question 32

cliques

Answer 32

small groups of friends who know each other well, form a regular social group
typically 3-12 people
everyone knows everyone’s name

Question 33

crowds

Answer 33

larger, reputation based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and don’t spend much time together

Question 34

5 major types of crowds

Answer 34

1. elites
2. athletes
3. academics
4. deviants
5. others

Question 35

4 kinds of relationships

Answer 35

1. one-night stands
2. short-term relationships
3. casual dating
4. going out

Question 36

Irawhiti

Answer 36

umbrella word and individual identity that refers to all transgender people

Question 37

adolescent limited deliquency

Answer 37

exhibit delinquent behaviour only in adolescence

Question 38

life-course persistent deliquency

Answer 38

begin to behave antisocially in childhood and continues this behaviour