Addiction

Question 1

Genetic vulnerability in addiction?

Answer 1

Low D2 receptors

CYP2A6 enzyme - less likely to smoke if enzymes is not fully functioning because nicotine levels are higher

Question 2

Genetic vulnerability in addiction?

Answer 2

Low D2 receptors

CYP2A6 enzyme - less likely to smoke if enzymes is not fully functioning because nicotine levels are higher

Question 3

Andersen and Teicher- stress

Answer 3

Stress in adolescence triggers vulnerability to later stress, may lead to self medication

Question 4

Robbins- antisocial

Answer 4

APD is a causal risk factor for addiction because they are impulsive, break social norms, behave criminally and seek to satisfy their own desires

Question 5

Livington et al? family influence

Answer 5

Children allowed to drink alcohol at home in their final school year were more likely to drink excessively at college the next year

Question 6

Sumter et al?

Answer 6

464 children and adolescents given a questionnaire about resisting peer pressure

Younger kids more vulnerable to peer pressure

As adolescents mature they are less influenced by others

cross sectional study, peer pressure could be positive or negative…

Question 7

Eysenck and Eysenck

Answer 7

Psychoticism
Extroversion
Neuroticism

Francis 1966 - Higher on P and N more likely to be addicted

Causal? Maybe addiction causes moody or impulsive

Question 8

Bandura?

Answer 8

More self efficacy = more likely to quit addiction

Self efficacy = how strongly you believe you are capable of doing something

Question 9

Strength for genetic vulnerability?

Answer 9

Kendler et al

Looked at adopted children - biological parent w addiction -> higher risk of developing addiction

Question 10

Support for family influence on addiction

Answer 10

Madras et al

Strong positive correlation between parent’ use of cannabis and child’s use of cannabis and other addictive substances

Question 11

Sayette and Hufford- gen twin studies

Answer 11

Identical twins higher concordance rate of alc than non identical

Question 12

Goodwin et al?

Answer 12

Adopted males w biological parents w alc addiction 4x more likely to become alc

Question 13

Research support NRT?

Answer 13

Hartmann and Boyce

Concluded that NRT helped smokers quit more than placebo and more therapy

Publication bias -> only included studies w more positive results about NRT

Question 14

Methadone study?

Answer 14

Newman and Whitehall

Found methadone to be more successful than a placebo

Question 15

Drug for aversion therapy alc?

Answer 15

Disulfiram UCS

Stimulates severe nausea and vomiting (UCR

Question 16

Cover sensitisation?

Answer 16

Imagined scenarios e.g cigarettes w faeces
Classical conditioning

Question 17

Fuller et al?

Answer 17

Disulfiram no signifcant difference in total abstinence from drinking when compared to plabeo (all received counselling)

Question 18

Strength of covert sensitisation?

Answer 18

McConaghy

Compared gambiling addicts wh oreceive dCS w addicts who had electric shock aversion terapy

90% of covert gambled less
compared w 30% aversion

Question 19

Limitations of covert sensitisation?

Answer 19

Mccomnaughy did not compare w other therapies

Symptom substitution - suporesses adductuinm, so clients recover but issues remain, new symptoms may appear

Question 20

Fishbein and Ajzen?

Answer 20

Theory of reasoned action -> persons atitude to behaviour and subjected norms affect if someone will give up alcohol

Perceived behavioural control - “I do not have the will power to give up alc”

Theory of planned behaviour -> indirectly (if they believe it is too difficult they do not form the intention)

-> directly - if the perception of their own level of control is accurate - e.g they dont have sufficient willpower they wont succeed”