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Rheum Boards Studying > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Principle defense against extracellular microbes

A

Humoral Immunity

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2
Q

Promotes destruction of intracellular microbes

A

Cell Mediated immunity

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3
Q

IL-7

A

Principle cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of B and T cell progenitors

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4
Q

Clonal selection hypothesis

A

Antigen receptors are produced by random DNA recombination events that are not dependent on or influenced by the presence of antigens

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5
Q

Somatic recombination

A
  • VDJ combination
  • Process of DNA recombination by which the functional genes encoding the variable regions of antigen receptors are formed during lymphocyte development
  • Occurs only in immature B and T cells
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6
Q

Allelic exclusion

A
  • Protein product of one productively recombined antigen receptor locus on one chromosome blocks rearrangement of the corresponding locus on the other chromosome
  • Ensures that each lymphocyte will express a single antigen receptor and that all antigen receptors expressed by one clone of lymphs will have identical specificity
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7
Q

Which lymphs have allelic exclusion?

A

B cell light and heavy chains

TCR b chain

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8
Q

Self MHC restriction

A

T cells only recognize antigens displayed by MHC molecules that the T cell encountered during maturation in the thymus (and thus sees self)

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9
Q

CD1

A
  • Class I like non classical MHC molecule

- Bind and display lipids (instead of peptides) to certain types of T cells, particularly NKT

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10
Q

MHC Class I

A
  • Expressed on most nucleated cells
  • Displays peptides to and recognized by CD8+ T cells
  • Composed of 3 genes: HLA- A, HLA- B- HLA-C
  • Increased expression can be induced by interferon A, B, G and TNF
  • Composed of alpha chain (a3 is conserved among all class I MHC) with beta 2 microglobulin unit
  • Accomodates peptides 8-11 residues long
  • A3 binds CD8
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11
Q

MHC class II

A
  • Normally expressed only on DCs, B cells, macrophages and a few other types
  • 3 genes HLA DP, DQ, and DR
  • Interferon gamma is principal cytokine
  • Composed of alpha and beta chain
  • B2 is invariant and binds CD4
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12
Q

Where are the mature T cells?

A

Thymic medulla

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13
Q

Most effective for activating naive T cells

A

DCs

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14
Q

Most effective at activating effector T cells

A

B cells and macrophages

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15
Q

Which uses proteosome and TAP?

A

MHC CLASS I (cytosolic and nuclear protein antigens)

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16
Q

What is the process for peptide MHC class II production?

A

Protein antigens are captured from the extracellular environment–> internalized into endosomes by specialized APCs–> Degradative enzymes in endosomes and lysosomes generate peptides–> MHC II are synthesized int he ER and transported to same endosomes with the invariant chain–> In the endosomal vesicle, invariant chain is degraded, leaving 24 amino acid remnant called CLIP–> CLIP is removed by HLA-DM–> MHC class II is stabilzed and bound to peptide

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17
Q

TCR components

A
  • Variable domain
  • Hydrophobic transmembrane region
  • Constant domain
  • Short cytoplasmic region
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18
Q

What area recognizes peptide MHC complexes?

A

V region, specifically concentrated

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19
Q

What do T cells require for transition to effector cells?

A
  • First signal is response by the TCR to MHC and peptide on an APC (foreight signal)
  • Second signal is costim ligand induced on APC by microbes (danger signal)
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20
Q

CD28

A
  • Recognized and binds B7 proteins on activated APCs
21
Q

CTLA-4

A
  • Inhibitory receptor of the CD28 family

- Also bind B7

22
Q

LFA-1

A
  • Binds ICAM-1 on APCs and endothelium and functions to help cell adhesion
23
Q

CD44

A
  • Binds hyaluronan, involved in leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and ECM
24
Q

CD45

A
  • Tyrosine phosphatase that regulates T and B cell activation
25
Q

L-Selectin

A
  • Part of selectin family which mediates low affinity adherence of leukocytes as they roll through venules
26
Q

Naive T cells

A

CD45 RA

27
Q

Memory T cells

A

CD45 RO

28
Q

Where is antigen binding?

A
  • Hyper variable region of the VH and VL
29
Q

Where does the antigen recognition take place?

A

FAB

30
Q

Where does the effector function take place?

A

Fc region

31
Q

Where are all Ig Heavy chain genes found?

A

Chromosome 14

32
Q

What is the structure of Ig?

A

Two beta pleated sheets held together by disulfide bridge

33
Q

What differentiaties antibodies into distinct classes?

A

Structure of their heavy chain C region

34
Q

IgA

A
  • Secreted form is dimer
35
Q

IgD

A
  • Circulates as a monomer

- Naive B cell antigen receptor

36
Q

IgE

A
  • Circulates as a monomer

- Mediates immediate hypersensitivity, defense against helminthes

37
Q

IgG

A
  • Circulates as a monomer
  • Functions in opsonization, complement activation, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, neonatal immunity and passive immunity, feedback inhibition of b cells
38
Q

IgM

A
  • Circulates as pentamer

- Functions in complement activation, naive B cell antigen receptor (monomeric form)

39
Q

B cell maturation steps

A
  • Stem cell
  • Pro B cell
  • Pre B cell
  • Immature B cell (IgM)
  • Mature B cell ( co -express IgM and IgD)
40
Q

CD19

A
  • Role in B cell activation

- Forms a co receptor complex with CD21 and Cd81 that delivers signals that synergize with signals from b cell antigen

41
Q

CD21

A
  • Receptor for complement fragment C3D
  • Forms a co receptor complex with CD19 and CD81
    that delivers activating signal in B cells, receptor for EBV
42
Q

Phenotype markers of B cells

A
  • MHC class II
  • CD19
  • CD21
  • Fc receptors
43
Q

Where does isotype switching happen?

A
  • Germinal center and sometimes extrafollicular foci
  • Constant regions of the heavy chains change but the specificity of the antibodies (which is determined by the variable regions) remains unaltered
44
Q

Match cytokine to Ig

A
  • IFN gamma–> IgG
  • IL-4–> IgE
  • TGF beta–> IgA
  • B cells in mucosal tissues also switch to IgA
45
Q

Fc gamma receptor 3 (CD16)

A
  • binds IgG
  • Found on NK cells
  • Responsible for antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
46
Q

Fc epsilon

A
  • Binds IgE

- Expressed by mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

47
Q

Where do T cells reside in the spleen?

A

Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

48
Q

Where do B cells reside in the spleen?

A
  • Follicles and germinal centers
49
Q

Genes involved in class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation

A

activation induced cytosine deaminase
Uracil n glycosylase

Defects prevent B cells from switching from IGm to IGG.

Rheum Boards Studying (34 decks)

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