Adaptation in elite athletes Flashcards
What is the aim of training for endurance athletes, at a cellular level
Increased mitochondrial number
Increased capillary dentistry
Name the three protein kinases activated by training in cells
AMPK
CAMK
P38 MAPK
What is the name of the protein, found in the nucleus that these kinases activate
PGC 1 alpha
What is the role of PGC 1 alpha
To stimulate transcription factors and therefore cause the transcription of specific genes
What are the two important proteins involved in the cellular adaptation pathway
VEGF
Citrate synthase
Give three reasons why it is hard to achieve adaptation in elite athletes
Already well adapted
Gene expression attenuated by multiple training bouts
Protein expression and phenotype chances also decrease
Outline the procedure of the continuous vs interval sprint training trial
Well trained athletes used
Biopsies taken before training, immediately after and 3 hours after
Controls did normal 4 X 30 second wing ate with 4 min rest intervals
Intervention groups has no rest so did 2min constant
What were the findings of the continuous vs interval sprint training trial
Who published this work
Total work done was 53% lower in the continuous condition
No sig. Dif. In AMPK, PGC 1 alpha or VEGF levels
So no increased adaptation, but same adaptation with less work done
Taylor et al 2016
Outline the reasons for why blood flow restriction was considered as a way of enhancing adaptation
In resistance training, BFR gave similar gains in strength the traditional training methods
Already commonly used in rehab
Signal for adaptation will still be present
Shown to enhance vascular adaptation and blood flow capacity
Outline the methods used in the blood flow restriction study
Both groups did 4 X 30 second wingste tests with 4.5 minute recovery
Both had biopsy taken before, straight after and 3 hours after
Control group had nothing else
Intervention group had BFR at 130 applied for first 2.5 mins of rest
Explain the rational for th decisions behind how and when BFR was applied
Couldn’t be done during bc would have got in the way
Couldn’t be constant bC need some time to re-synthesise ATP
130 cuts off venous return but not arterial blood flow
What were the findings of the BFR study
No sig dif in increase of p38 MAPK
Increase in HIF 1 alpha which is thought to be starter for hypoxia induced angiogenesis so had potential benefit
Outline the test methods of the BFR training intervention
Sprint test, 15km time trial and VO2 max before intervention
Subjects matched on VO2 max and then assigned to control or intervention
Train 2x per week for 4 weeks increasing number of sprints from 4-7
Repeat sprint, time trial and VO2 max
Outline the findings of the BFR training study
BFR group had 5% increase of VO2 max
Max aerobic power and mean power output increase greater in BFR group. Was stat sig but could be if more subjects, also counted as marginal gain
No change in 15Km time trial
What is the main critique of the BFR training study
Performance measure potentially wrong because no relevant to track cycling
If used a more appropriate measure, may has seen performance gain
