Acute Stress Effects on L&M

Question 1

What is the adrenal cortex?

Answer 1

the outer layer around the adrenal gland

Question 2

What is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 2

the central core of the adrenal cortex

Question 3

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 3

cortisol
glucocorticoids
Corticosteroids(humans)
Corticosterone(mice)

Question 4

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 4

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 5

What is the SAM response to stressors?

Answer 5

Sensory input into the periventricular nucleus(hypothalamus) -> midbrain/spinal cord -> adrenal medulla -> sympathetic activation

Question 6

What is the HPA response to stressors?

Answer 6

sensory input into the PVN(hypothalamus) release CRH -> pituitary gland release adrenocorticotropic hormone -> Adrenal cortex -> cortisol

Question 7

What is the negative feedback loop that keeps the HPA response under control?

Answer 7

High levels of cortisol shuts down the release of CRH and ACTH

Question 8

What does cortisol do in the body?

Answer 8

increase BGL
breakdown proteins
increase glucose uptake in the brain
activates brain regions

Question 9

What is the setup of fear conditioning a mouse?

Answer 9

A light side and a dark side, the mouse, wants to go to the dark side but will get shocked if it does. associates dark with the shock even tho it naturally wants to go there

Question 10

What happens if Epi is injected right after training happens?

Answer 10

it facilitates learning

Question 11

What is the inverted-U dose-response relationship?

Answer 11

Too much or too little epi does not facilitate learning
moderate amounts facilitate learning

Question 12

What happens if the epi is given an hour after learning and not immediately after?

Answer 12

no effect on learning

Question 13

Does Epi cross the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

How does epi affect the brain?

Answer 14

it activates the vagus nerve -> activates the nucleus of the solitary tract(medulla) -> norepi axons -> BLA

Question 15

What is microdialysis?

Answer 15

insertion with a semi-permeable membrane probe, CSF flows through the probe, molecules are collect in the probe

Question 16

What does NE infusion into the amygdala post-training do?

Answer 16

it enhances the consolidation of the memory

Question 17

What happens when propranolol is infused into the amygdala?

Answer 17

it blocks the memory enhancement by the peripheral Epi injection

Question 18

What is shown by the propranolol injection into the amygdala?

Answer 18

shows that NE is necessary in BLA fear memory consolidation

Question 19

What does the injection of corticosterone do right after training?

Answer 19

it improves memory for the fear

Question 20

What happens when glucocorticoid agonist is injected into the BLA post-training?

Answer 20

It enhances memory
more activation facilitates the passive avoidance memory

Question 21

What type of learning is facilitated by the vmPFC?

Answer 21

extinction learning

Question 22

What happens when a mouse is fear conditioned and then placed in a stressful cage?

Answer 22

they have impairment of extinction recall and slower extinction learning

Question 23

What happens to dendrites when these rats are put into the stressful cage?

Answer 23

the dendrites shorten which leads to less synapses than before

Question 24

What happens to dendrites when the mouse is in a stressful cage?

Answer 24

the dendrites shorten which leads to fewer synapses

Question 25

what is the correlation between short dendrites and extinction memory?

Answer 25

the shorter the dendrites the poorer the extinction memory