Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Activating factors

Answer 1

CASPASE-1 turns IL-1b into mature IL-1
TNF-alpha
DAMPs/PAMPs

Question 2

Vascular response

Answer 2

Regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators
NO mediated vasodilation increases flow and increased vascular permeability
Cytokine/chemokine induced endothelial changes allow innate cells access to the inflammatory site

1) Vascular dilation and increased blood flow (causing erythema and warmth)
2) Extravasation of plasma fluid and proteins (edema)
3) Leukocyte (mainly neutrophil) emigration and accumulation

Question 3

Inactivating factors

Answer 3

Monocytes clean up the mess made by neutrophils, release TGF-beta and IL-10 to halt destructive response`

Question 4

Serous

Answer 4

Protein poor transudate from capillary to extracellular space (mostly fluids, not a lot of protein)

Question 5

Fibrinous

Answer 5

Fluid with larger molecules dominated by fibrinogen which converts to fibrin and potential scarring

Question 6

Suppurative/abscess

Answer 6

Protein rich fluid with inflammatory cell, alive and dead necrotic debris

Question 7

Ulcerative

Answer 7

Underlying inflammation cause excavation of mucosal or skin surface

Question 8

Exudate

Answer 8

Fluid and proteins

Vasodilation and stasis, increased interendothelial spaces

Question 9

Transudate

Answer 9

Fluid coming out is protein poor

Increased hydrostatic pressure