ACUTE AND CHRONIC SINUSITIS Flashcards
_____________ of the _____________ of the ________ and _____________ – rhinosinusitis
Inflammation
mucosal lining
nose ; paranasal sinuses
rhinosinusitis
Blocks the _______ and impedes the _____________ from the _______
This usually follows __________
ostia
drainage of mucus
sinuses
common cold
Classification: Clinical/ duration
Acute sinusitis: __________
Subacute sinusitis: __________ to __________
Recurrent acute: __________ episodes per year
Chronic sinusitis: __________
<4weeks
4weeks to 12 weeks
4 or more episodes
>12weeks
Classification of sinusitis
Cause
_________ or _________
_________: _________/ _________/_________
Allergic or Non-allergic
Non-Allergic: Infection/ Inflammatory/Anatomic
SURGICAL ANATOMY
____ pairs of sinuses namely ___________ , ___________, ___________ and ___________.
They open into the ___________ and ___________ ___________ wall of the nose via the _______
4
maxillary, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid.
lateral ; posterior superior
ostia
Surgical anatomy
Lateral wall of the nose have ____ turbinates namely; ___________ , ___________ & ___________
Under each turbinate is a corresponding ___________
3
inferior, middle & superior
meatus
Inferior turbinate originate from the ________ while middle and superior originate from the __________
maxilla
ethmoid bone
Nasolacrimal duct drains into the __________
inferior meatus
The maxillary, anterior ethmoidal and frontal sinuses drains into the _________ also called the _________
The posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses drain into the _________ meatus
middle meatus
osteomeatal complex
superior meatus
The _________,_______, and _________ sinuses drains into the middle meatus also called the osteomeatal complex
The _________ and __________ sinuses drain into the superior meatus
maxillary, anterior ethmoidal and frontal
posterior ethmoid and sphenoid
Surgical anatomy
Lining- Respiratory ________ epithelium made up of ____ cells namely
- ____________ cells
-____________ cells
-____________ cells
-____________ cells
Attached to the _________ to form _________
pseudostratified
4
-Ciliated columnar cells
-Nonciliated columnar cells
-Goblet mucous cells
-Basal cells
periosteum; mucoperiosteum
Physiologic function of sinuses
List 6
Phonetic
Respiratory
Olfactory
Static:
Mechanical
Thermal
Physiologic function of sinuses
Phonetic: _________ , protection from —————- of own speech
Respiratory: ______________ , _______ pressure changes, local _____________
Static: Reduce ___________
Resonance; bone conduction
Humidification; buffer; immunologic defense
skull weight
Physiologic function of sinuse
Olfactory: Olfactory ________ , ___________ of stimuli
Mechanical: ___________
Thermal: __________
mucosa ; air reservoir
Trauma protection
Heat insulation
Pathophysiology
Three major factors are implicated namely:
I) __________________
ii) Dysfunction of __________________
iii) __________________ secretions
Narrow sinus ostia
ciliary apparatus
Viscous sinus
Pathophysiology Three major factors are implicated namely:
Narrow sinus ostia from
_________ & ______________
_________ colonization and multiplication
________in the sinus, _______ pressure & secretion __________
ii) Dysfunction of ciliary apparatus
iii) Viscous sinus secretions –impairs ______________
inflammation; mechanical obstruction
Bacterial
Hypoxia; negative; retention
ciliary movement
Pathophysiology
Disturbed host and microbial factors
-___________ + ______________
-Mucosal oedema and pathology leads to ___________________
-Disturbed cellular metabolism (metabolic acidosis), inflammation and gross mucosal pathology + polyps
- _______________ of colonized bacteria
Immune defence + Mucociliary clearance
reduced ostial patency
Multiplication
Etioology
Infectious: ______,______,_______
Local factors: Nasal _________, Choanal _________, ________,_________,_________ , FB, tumours, septal _________, concha ________, ciliary _________
Viral, bacteria, fungal
obstruction; atresia
adenoid ; rhinitis ; polyps
deviation; bullosa; dyskinesia
Etiology
Systemic factors: _________,_________,__________
Immune deficiencies: _________, organ transplant, _________
Environmental factors: _______ pollution, ___________
Asthma, cystic fibrosis, allergic fungal sinusitis
HIV/AIDS; chemotherapy
Air; cigarette smoke
Infective Etiology
Infection- viral, bacterial & fungal
Viral causes _______ sinusitis
Types of virus- list 7
Lasts ______________
acute
Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Influenza virus, Adeno virus, Human parainfluenza virus, Human respiratory syncytial virus
7 – 10days
Infection Aetiology
Bacterial Causes include
-________________
-________________
-Moraxella catarrhalis
-________________
-________________ bacteria
-Gram negative enteric organisms
Streptococcus pneumonia
-Haemophilus influenza
Staphylococcus aureus
-Anaerobic bacteria
Infection Aetiology
Fungal causes-
_______,_________
Aspergillus, Candida
Aetiology
Allergy - _________
Cystic fibrosis- dysfunctional ____________ and ______________
Immunocompromise- ______, ___________
Inflammation
ciliary apparatus & viscous secretion
HIV, uncontrolled DM
Aetiology
Anatomic variation – ________ septum, _____________ leading to nasal obstruction
Nasal _________ /_________/enlarged _________
deviated
concha bullosa
tumour; polyps; adenoid
