ACT 3 & 4: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
- Located in the ________, the heart is enclosed by the ________, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.
A
HEART
- mediastinum
- pericardium
2
Q
The heart wall has three layers:
* _________: Outer layer
* _________: Thick middle layer of cardiac muscle
* _________: Inner lining
Contains four chambers: two ______ (upper) and two _____ (lower)
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
- atria
- ventricles
3
Q
3 layers of blood vessels
- ____________: Inner lining in direct contact with blood.
- ____________: Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; regulates vessel diameter.
- ____________: Outer layer providing support and protection.
A
- Tunica interna (intima)
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
4
Q
- Carry blood away from the heart
- Thick, muscular, and elastic walls
- Narrow lumen (smaller than veins) to maintain high pressure
- No valves (except in the aorta and pulmonary artery, which have semilunar valves)
A
arteries
5
Q
- Carry blood toward the heart
- Thin walls with less muscle and elasticity
- Wider lumen (larger than arteries) to accommodate slow-moving blood
- Have valves to prevent backflow of blood due to low pressure
A
veins
6
Q
- Allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues
- Single layer of endothelial cells (tunica intima) for rapid exchange of substances
- Extremely small lumen, just wide enough for single red blood cells to pass through
- No valves
A
capillaries
7
Q
- An inherent and rhythmical electrical activity is the reason for the heart’s lifelong beat.
- Autorhythmic fibers in the SA node would initiate an action potential about every 0.6 second, or 100 times per minute.
- The action potential initiated by the SA node travels along the conduction system and spreads out to excite contractile fibers.
A
conduction system
8
Q
ACTION POTENTIAL
- rapid depolarization due to Na+ inflow when voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open
- Plateau (maintained depolarization) due to Ca2+ inflow when voltage-gated slow Ca2+ channels open and K+ outflow when some K+ channels open
A
- repolarization due to closure of Ca2+ channels and K+ outflow when additional voltage-gated K+ channels open
9
Q
- rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries caused by the pressure waves of blood being ejected from the heart during systole (ventricular contraction).
- Normal: _______ beats per minute
(bpm). - fast pulse: __________
- slow pulse: __________
A
PULSE
- 60-100bpm
- fast pulse: tachycardia
- slow pulse: bradycardia
10
Q
- the force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls as it moves through the circulatory system
Two Components:
- ________: pressure in arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood.
- ________: pressure when the heart relaxes between beats.
- Normal < _________
- determined by cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance
A
BLOOD PRESSURE
- Systolic Pressure
- Diastolic Pressure
- 120/80 mmHg
11
Q
BP equation
A
BP = CO x VR
12
Q
volume of blood pumped out by the ventricle per minute (mL/minute)
A
Cardiac Output (CO) = HR x SV
13
Q
Heart conductivity
A
heart rate
14
Q
- Volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles per contraction/beat
- Affected by preload, heart rate (_______) and force of contraction (_______)
A
Stroke Volume (SV)
- chronotropy
- inotropy
15
Q
volume of blood pumped out by the ventricle per minute (mL/minute)
A
Cardiac Output (CO) = MAP/PVR
16
Q
the average blood pressure in arteries
A
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP − diastolic BP)
17
Q
- aka: afterload
- the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels
- depends on size of the blood vessel lumen, blood viscosity, and total blood vessel length.
A
Vascular Resistance (VR)
18
Q
CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE
A
A. Neural Control (Autonomic Nervous System)
- Baroreceptor Reflex (Pressure Sensors)
- Chemoreceptor Reflex (Chemical Sensors)
B. Hormonal Control (Endocrine System)
- Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
19
Q
- Found in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch
- Detects pressure changes
A
- Baroreceptor Reflex (Pressure Sensors)
20
Q
- Also in carotid and aortic bodies.
- Detects changes in O₂, CO₂, and pH levels
A
- Chemoreceptor Reflex (Chemical Sensors)
21
Q
B. Hormonal Control (Endocrine System)
A
- Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
22
Q
_________: can “hijack” the body’s angiogenesis process to create new blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients.
This is why ________ are used in cancer treatment to starve tumors!
A
CANCER CELLS
- anti-angiogenic drugs
23
Q
The beat of the song ________ by the Bee Gees (_________) matches the ideal rate for chest compressions during CPR.
A
- “Stayin’ Alive”
- 100-120 bpm
24
Q
Did you know that the first blood pressure measurement (in ______) was done on a horse?
British clergyman and scientist ___________ inserted a glass tube into a horse’s artery to observe how high the blood would rise!
A
- 1733
- Stephen Hales
25
___________: go into veins and work within seconds to minutes, but IA (intraarterial) drugs are rarely used except for targeted therapies like chemotherapy for brain tumors or certain emergency treatments.
This is because IA routes deliver drugs directly to an organ, making them more potent but riskier!
- IV (intravenous) drugs
26
Which Increases More After Exercise?
________: increases more than diastolic BP during exercise.
During exercise the heart pumps more blood per beat (higher stroke volume) → This raises systolic BP significantly (often to 160-200 mmHg).
_________ stays the same or rises slightly because blood vessels dilate to improve blood flow to muscles, reducing vascular resistance.
After exercise, systolic BP can double, while diastolic BP changes very little
- Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
- Diastolic BP
27
- also known as HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure (WHO).
- if untreated it damages blood vessels, accelerates atherosclerosis, and produces left ventricular hypertrophy
- these abnormalities contribute to the development of IHD, stroke, heart failure, renal failure, which are among the most common causes of death worldwide.
hypertension
28
- High blood pressure with no identifiable cause
- Develops gradually over time
- Unknown, but linked to genetics, lifestyle, and aging
- Often asymptomatic ("silent killer"), sometimes mild headaches or dizziness
- Age, family history, high salt diet, obesity, smoking, stress, inactivity
Primary (Essential) Hypertension
29
- High blood pressure due to an underlying medical condition
- Develops suddenly and severely
- Caused by kidney disease, endocrine disorders, sleep apnea, medications, or pregnancy
- May include vision problems, chest pain, shortness of breath, and severe headaches
- Specific medical conditions (e.g., kidney disease, hormonal imbalances) or certain medications
Secondary Hypertension
30
- aka: Orthostatic Hypotension
- is a condition where blood pressure (BP) drops significantly when a person stands up from a sitting or lying position
- leads to dizziness, lightheadedness, or even fainting due to inadequate blood flow to the brain- can be caused by:
*_________ (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors).
*_________ (reduce blood volume).
*_________ (tricyclics, SSRIs).
*_________ (e.g., nitrates).
Postural Hypotension
- Antihypertensives
- Diuretics
- Antidepressants
- Vasodilators
31
- also known as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), occurs when coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium.
- leads to ischemia, which can cause angina, and heart failure (myocardial infarction)
Ischemic Heart Disease
32
Prevent clot formation
- Aspirin
- Clopidogrel (Plavix)
antiplatelets
33
Prevent new clots from forming
- Heparin
- Warfarin
Anticoagulants
34
Reduce heart rate and oxygen demand
- Metoprolol
- Atenolol
Beta-Blockers
35
Lower blood pressure, prevent heart remodeling
- Lisinopril
- Ramipril
ACE Inhibitors
36
Lower cholesterol and reduce plaque buildup
- Atorvastatin
- Rosuvastatin
statins
37
Dilate blood vessels and reduce chest pain
- Nitroglycerin
nitrates
38
Reduce fluid overload and lower BP
- Furosemide
- Hydrochlorothiazide
Diuretics
39
- a symptom of IHD characterized by paroxysmal chest pain that is felt beneath the sternum, and commonly radiates down the left arm and/or shoulder.
- can also radiate or originate in the neck or upper back.
Angina Pectoris
40
- Chest pain that occurs predictably during physical exertion or stress and relieves with rest.
- Partial blockage due to atherosclerosis, reducing blood supply during activity.
- Exercise, stress, cold weather, heavy meals.
stable angina
41
- Chest pain that occurs at rest, unpredictably, or lasts longer than stable angina.
- Severe narrowing or rupture of a plaque, leading to partial clot formation.
- Occurs anytime, even at rest.
unstable angina
42
- Rare type caused by coronary artery spasm, temporarily reducing blood flow.
- Sudden spasm of coronary arteries, usually in healthy or young patients.
- Cold exposure, smoking, stress, drugs (cocaine)
variant angina (prinzmetal's angina)
43
- an irregular heartbeat caused by disruptions in the heart’s electrical system
- it can make the heartbeat too fast, too slow or irregularly
arrhythmia
44
The SA node misfires (too fast or too slow).
Other parts of the heart take over the pacemaker role inappropriately.
Disrupted Signal Generation
45
Electrical signals get blocked or delayed, leading to slow or skipped beats.
Extra signals cause the heart to beat too fast or irregularly
Abnormal Signal Conduction
46
A signal keeps reactivating the heart muscle, causing rapid, uncoordinated beats (common in atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia).
Reentry Circuits (Electrical Loops)
47
- Sick Sinus Syndrome
- Heart Block
Bradycardia
48
- Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
- Ventricular Tachycardia
tachychardia
49
- Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)
- Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib)
Fibrillation
50
- Premature Atrial/Ventricular Contractions (PACs, PVCs)
Extrasystoles
51
Block Na⁺ channels, slow depolarization (Phase 0)
- Quinidine
- Lidocaine
- Flecainide
Used for:
Atrial & Ventricular arrhythmias
I (Na⁺ Blockers)
52
Block β-adrenergic receptors, slow SA/AV node conduction
- Metoprolol
- Atenolol
- Esmolol
Used for:
SVT, AFib, Post-MI protection
II (Beta-Blockers)
53
Block K⁺ channels, prolong repolarization (Phase 3)
- Amiodarone
- Sotalol
- Dofetilide
Used for:
AFib, Ventricular tachycardia
III (K⁺ Blockers)
54
Block Ca²⁺ channels, slow AV node conduction
- Verapamil
- Diltiazem
Used for:
SVT, AFib rate control
IV (Ca²⁺ Blockers)
55
Various
- Adenosine
- digoxin
- Magnesium
Used for:
SVT, AFib, Torsades
Others
56
Heart Valve Disorders
- stenosis
- insufficiency
57
The valve becomes stiff and narrowed, restricting blood flow.
stenosis
58
The valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak backward
Insufficiency
59
a life-threatening condition where the body’s tissues do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, leading to organ failure and, if untreated, death
shock
60
types of shock
1. Hypovolemic Shock
2. Cardiogenic Shock
3. Distributive Shock
4. Obstructive Shock
61
Severe fluid or blood loss, reducing circulation volume
- Most common type; caused by hemorrhage, dehydration, burns
Hypovolemic Shock
62
Heart failure, reducing its ability to pump blood
- Often due to heart attack (MI), arrhythmias, or cardiomyopathy
Cardiogenic Shock
63
Widespread vasodilation, causing blood pooling and low BP
- septic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock
Distributive Shock
64
Physical blockage of blood flow
- Caused by pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
Obstructive Shock
