ACT 1: Organization and General Plan of the Human Body Flashcards
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
cranial cavity
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
vertebral canal
- chest cavity
- contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
thoracic cavity
- pleural cavity
- pericardial cavity
- mediastinum
- a potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
pleural cavity
- potential space between the layers of the pericardium the surrounds the heart
pericardial activity
- central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs
- extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm
- contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
mediastinum
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
- contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
- the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
abdominal cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
pelvic cavity
Components:
- skin and structures associated with it (hair, nails, sweat, oil glands, and subcutaneous layer)
Functions:
- helps regulate body temperature
- protects the body
- eliminates some wastes
- helps make vitamin D
- detects sensations (touch, pressure, pain, warmth, cold)
- stores fat and provides insulation
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Components:
- bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
Functions:
- supports and protects the body
- provides a specific area for muscle attachment
- assists with body movements
- stores cells that produce blood cells
- stores minerals and lipids (fats)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Components:
- specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue which is muscle attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)
Functions:
- participates in bringing about body movements such as walking
- maintains posture
- produces heat
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Components:
- brain
-spinal cord
- nerves
- special sense organs (eyes and ears)
Functions:
- regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment
- interpreting the changes
- responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions
NERVOUS SYTEM
Components:
- all glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions called ___________
Functions:
- regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs
- hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Components:
- blood
- heart
- blood vessels
Functions:
- heart pumps through blood vessels
- blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
- helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids
- blood components help defend against disease
- mend damaged blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Components:
- lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels
- spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
- cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
Functions:
- returns proteins and fluid to blood
- carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
- contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Components:
- lungs and air passageways (pharynx: throat, larynx: voice box, trachea: windpipe, and bronchial tubes) within the lungs
Functions:
- transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
- helps regulate acidity of body fluids
- air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Components:
- organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx: throat, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus)
- also includes accessory digestive organs that assists in digestive processes (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
Functions:
- physical and chemical breakdown of food
- absorbs nutrients
- eliminates solid wastes
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Components:
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Functions:
- produces, stores and eliminates urine
- eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
- maintains body’s mineral balance
- helps regulate red blood cell production
URINARY SYSTEM
Components:
- gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs
- uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus and vagina in females,
- epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens and penis in males
- mammary glands in females
Functions:
- gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
- associated organs transport and store gametes
- mammary glands produce milk
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONS
CHEMICAL LEVEL
- atom
- element
- molecule
- compound
CELLULAR LEVEL
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
TISSUE LEVEL
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscular tissue
- nervous tissue
CELLULAR LEVEL
Gene Expression
- Transcription (nucleus)
- Translation (cytoplasm)
CELLULAR LEVEL
Cell Division
- Somatic (Mitosis)
- Reproductive (Meiosis)
- covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts
- forms glands
- interacts with internal and external environments
epithelial tissue
