Acids, Bases, Neutralization, and Gas-Forming Reactions Flashcards
What is an acid-base reaction?
One in which a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred from one chemical species to another
The more common types of acid-base reactions take place in what kind of solutions?
Aqueous solutions
What is an acid?
A substance that will dissolve in water to yield hydronium ions (H3O+)
When dissolved in water, hydronium ions (H3O+) are produced how?
By a chemical reaction in which H+ ions are transferred from HCl molecules to H2O molecules
True or False: The nature of HCl is such that its reaction with water as just described is essentially 100% efficient: Virtually every HCl molecule that dissolves in water will undergo this reaction.
True
What are strong acids?
Acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
What are weak acids?
Acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
What are three common acid compounds that are classified as strong acids?
HBr (hydrobromic acid), HCl (hydrochloric acid), HI (hydroiodic acid)
True or False: Those of weak acids partially react with water and not many dissolved molecules are left in their original form
False, a large majority of dissolved molecules are left in their original form and generate a relatively small amount of hydronium ions
Weak acids are classified as ____ _____ due to what?
Weak electrolytes, due to the low concentration of ions in the solution
What is a diprotic acid?
A strong acid that contains two protons or H+ ions
Describe the dissociation of diprotic acids in water
The transfer of one proton to water, the transfer of the second proton from product of first equation
H2SO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⟶ HSO4–(aq) + H3O+(aq) strong acid, fully dissociated
HSO4–(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ SO42-(aq) + H3O+(aq) weak acid, partially dissociated
Write the chemical equation that describes the dissociation of perchloric acid in water.
HClO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⟶ H3O+(aq) + ClO4–(aq)
HNO3 is a strong acid and therefore completely dissociated in water, write the equation for it
HNO3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⟶ H3O+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
A weak acid will do what in dissociation to water?
Will only partially dissociate within water
A partial dissociation can be indicated by what within an equation?
A double arrow
Write the chemical equation that describes the dissociation of the weak acid nitrous acid, HNO2, in water.
HNO2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NO2–(aq)
Write the chemical equation that describes the dissociation of hypochlorous acid, HClO(aq), acid in water.
HClO(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + ClO–(aq)
What is a base?
A substance that will dissolve in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH-)
What are the most common bases?
Ionic compounds composed of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations combined with the hydroxide ion
When ionic compounds of alkali/alkaline earth metals combined with the hydroxide ion dissolve in water, what is released?
Hydroxide ions are released directly into the solution
What are strong bases?
Bases along with other hydroxides that completely dissociate in water
True or False: Unlike ionic hydroxides, some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially
True
If some compounds that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved yet only react partially, what are they referred to as?
Weak bases
True or False: The chemical reactions described in which acids and bases dissolved in water produce hydronium and hydroxide ions, respectively, are, by definition, acid-base reactions.
True
In acid-base reactions, water serves as both of what?
A solvent and a reactant
What is a neutralization reaction?
A specific type of acid-base reaction in which the reactants are an acid and a base, the products are often a salt and water, and neither reactant is water itself
What equation can be used to understand a neutralization reaction?
acid + base ⟶ salt + water
True or False: Neutralization reactions between weak acids and strong bases also produce a salt and water as products
True
Ionic compounds containing carbonate, sulfite, and sulfide anions are ____ that react with ____ to produce ____ ____ and/or ____.
bases that react with acids to produce a salt, water, and a gas.
True or False: Chemical reactions are classified according to similar patterns of behavior.
True
Acids produce ____ ions in a solution, while bases produce ____ ions in a solution.
Acids produce H+ ions in solution, while bases produce OH– ions in solution.
The term salt refers to?
Any ionic compound
When writing complete and net ionic equations for neutralization reactions between a strong base and weak acid or between a weak base and strong acid, it is important to remember that?
Weak acids and bases do not dissociate to a large extent in solution.
Ionic compounds containing carbonate (CO32-), sulfite (SO32-), and sulfide (S2-) are _____ that form ____, _____, and ____ when reacted with ______.
Bases that form salt, water and a gas when reacted with acids.
What is the definition of an acid?
substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water
What is the definition of an acid-base reaction?
reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species
What is the definition of a base?
Substance that produces OH- when dissolved in water
What is the definition of a neutralization reaction?
Reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water
What is the definition of a salt?
Ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide
What is the definition of a strong acid?
Acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
What is the definition of a strong base?
Base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions
What is the definition of a weak acid?
Acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
What is the definition of a weak base?
Base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions
The reaction 2 HCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2 HNO3(aq) is an example of a(n) _______ reaction. Select all that apply.
A. Precipitation
B. Acid-base
C. Neutralization Reaction
D. Gas-forming
A
Which of the following reactions will produce at least one gaseous product? Select all that apply.
A. The reaction between sodium sulfate and nitric acid.
B. The reaction between nitric acid and potassium hydroxide.
C. The reaction between calcium sulfide and hydrochloric acid.
C
You have a salt solution that contains either potassium sulfate or lithium carbonate, and you need to determine which of the two salts is present.
You choose ______ to determine which of the two salts is present.
A. barium acetate
B. ammonium acetate
C. hydrochloric acid
D. none of the above
The reason for your choice above is
A. It forms a precipitate with one unknown and has no visible reaction with the other.
B. It forms a gas with one unknown and has no visible reaction with the other.
C. It forms a gas with one unknown and a precipitate with the other.
D. Reagents (a)-(c) will react the same with both potassium sulfate and lithium carbonate.
C, F
An ___ ___ reaction is one in which a proton (hydrogen ion, H+) is transferred from one chemical species to another
Acid-base
When dissolved in water, generates H3O+ and anion; proton donor
This is an example of?
An acid
When dissolved in water, generates OH- and cation; proton accceptor
This is an example of?
A base
True or False: Strong acids completely ionize in water
True
True or False: Weak acids completely ionize in water
False, they partially dissolve and majority of the dissolved acid is intact
True or False: Strong bases completely ionize in water
True
True or False: Weak bases fully ionize in water
False, they partially dissolve and a majority of dissolved base is left intact
Chemists often use what type of experiment to examine how acids and bases interact?
Titration
Metal carbonates react with acids to produce?
An aqueous salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas
Metal sulfites react with acids to produce?
An aqueous salt, water, and sulfur dioxide gas
Metal sulfides react with acids to produce?
An aqueous salt and hydrogen sulfide gas
Give examples of strong acids
HBr, HCl, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4
(hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, and sulfuric acid)
Give examples of weak acids
CH3COOH, H2CO3, H3PO4
(acetic acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid)
Give examples of strong bases
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
(lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide)
Give an example of a weak base
NH3 (ammonia)
