Acid base --> Appendicitis

Question 1

Metabolic acidosis is commonly classified according to what:

Answer 1

anion gap

Question 2

Metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

CAUSES

Answer 2

AKA –> hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

Causes
1. Gastrointestinal bicarb lost
—–> diarrhoea
—–> ureterosigmoidoscopy fistula
2. renal tubular acidosis
3. drugs e.g. acetazolamide
4. ammonium chloride injection
5. Addisons disease

Question 3

Metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

causes

Answer 3

1. Lactate: shock, hypoxia
2. Ketones: DKA, alcohol
3. Urate: renal failure
4. acid poisoning: salicylates, methanol

Question 4

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 4

Due to loss of hydrogen ions or gain of bicarb.

Causes
–> vomiting / aspiration
–> diuretics
–> liquorice, carbenoxolone
–> hypokalaemia
–> primary aldosteronism
–> cushing’s syndrome
–> bartter’s syndrome (salt wasting at ascending thick loop of henle)
–> congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 5

Respiratory acidosis causes

Answer 5

1. COPD
2. Decompensation in other respiratory conditions
   —-> life-threatening asthma / pulmonary oedema
   —-> sedative drugs: benzodiazepines, opiate overdose

Question 6

Respiratory alkalosis causes

Answer 6

1. Anxiety –> hyperventilation
2. pulmonary embolism
3. salicylate poisoning
4. CNS disorders: stroke, SAH, encephalitis
5. altitude
6. pregnancy

Question 7

Type 1 respiratory failure vs Type 2

Answer 7

Type 1 - HYPOXIA

Type 2 - hypoxia & hypercapnia