A.C. 3.1 Booklet 3 Flashcards by Jack Welsby

What are the strengths of the Police?

-Budget is 19.5 Billion, the highest it has ever been.

-They aim to be less biased against minorities after the Steven Lawrence case.

-Have specialist teams.

-Quick response times (8 mins for the London Bridge attack).

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What are the weaknesses of the Police?

-The “Era of Austerity” left major budget cuts that led to the loss of 20,000 officers.

-Many officers are nowhere near as experienced as the older officers, who are now retired.

-There has been a major loss of trust in the Police as of recent years.

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What is the philosophy of the CPS?

Fairness, Equality and Honesty

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What are the CPS’s aims?

-Preparing + Presenting Court Cases

-Handling Police Investigations

-Prosecution of Offenders Act (1983)

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What act established the CPS?

Prosecution of Offenders Act (1983)

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What are the CPS’ working practises?

Applying the Full Code Test:

-Evidential Test

-Public Interest Test

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What is the CPS’ reach?

National

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What are the strengths of the CPS?

-They have an 84% conviction rate

-They are independant from the police, which helps with avoiding bias

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What are the weaknesses of the CPS?

-Budget cuts from Era of Austerity led to miscarriages of justice and losing 2,500 workers.

-Damilola Taylor case was handled incorrectly

-SA cases were dropped to keep conviction rates up as they were hard to solve as it was “one person’s word against another’s”

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What is the philosophy of the Probation Service?

-Offenders can change for the better

-They are non-judgemental, having a commitment to being equal

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What are the Probation Service’s aims?

-Service high risk offenders

-Rehabilitate offenders

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What are the Probation Service’s working practises?

-Meeting clients weekly, including ones in prison

-Writing pre-sentence reports

-Attend MAPPA meetings

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What is the Probation Service’s reach?

Split into 7 divisional areas across England + Wales

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What is the Probation Service’s funding?

£300 million for 2025-26

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What are the strengths of the Probation Service?

-Workers are highly experienced

-Helps with reducing offending + providing rehabiliation to offenders

-Can offer many ways to rehabilitate offenders, like CBT, drug + alcohol training and anger management.

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What are the weaknesses of the Probation Service?

-Attempts at privatisation failed as 19/21 companied failed to meet standards.

-1/4 of experienced officers lost their jobs in the Era of Austerity

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What is the philosophy of the Police?

The police are just citizens in uniform, just paid full-time to uphold the law like other citizens

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What are the Police’s aims?

Maintaining order by preventing crime and disorder

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What are the Police’s working practises?

-Using physical violence as a last resort

-Preventing deviance in the nation

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What is the Police’s reach?

34 police forces across the nation

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What is the Police’s funding?

£19 billion, increased after the Era of Austerity

What is the philosophy of the Prison Service?

Preventing victims by changing the lives of offender’s positively

What are the Prison Service’s aims?

Hold prisoners securely and provide them rehabiliation methods

What are the Prison Service’s working practises?

-There are 123 overall prisons

-These prisons hold 82,000 prisoners

-Rehabilitating offenders

What is the Prison Service's reach?

National

What is the Prison Service's funding?

-Average cost of a single prisoner is £50,000

What are the strengths of the Prison Service?

-Attempts to reform offenders for release -Exersize social control over offenders so they learn to follow societal norms

What are the weaknesses of the Prison Service?

-Prisoner to staff ratio is 30:1 -Only 38% of adults are reconvicted past a year, being 58% for under a year. -A riot in Birmingham once led to £2 million damage costs

What are the Prison Service's working practises?

Use of the IEP Scheme: There are three levels, being basic, standard and ehanced levels which are influenced by how a prisoner acts

What is the philosophy of the Judiciary?

-Upholding societal standards -Being free from government bias -Equality

What are the Judiciary's aims?

Ensuring fairness to all parties via the jury

What are the Judiciary's working practises?

Security of Tenure - Judges can only be removed via petition -Can deal with all offences + offenders

What is the Judiciary's reach?

National

What are the strengths of the Judiciary?

-Courts are less biased in the modern day -Unduly Lenient Sentence Scheme means there is a low guarantee for an appeal to work

What are the weaknesses of the Judiciary?

-Racial bias as only 7% of judges not being a racial minority -Gender bias, as seen through a 1989 judge who gave softer sentences to men compared to women

Who provides the Judiciary's funding, and what is said funding?

Provided by the Senior Salaries Review Body, average salary being £112,000

What is the definition of a charity? Give an example of a relevant one!!!

Something which provides serivces to specific groups such as ex-prisoners. Prison Reform Trust.

What is the definition of a pressure group? Give an example of a relevant one!!!

A campaign for changes to government policies that benefit those whose interests they serve. NACRO.

What is the philosophy of Charities & Pressure Groups?

-Use of prison should be reduced -Everyone deserves the right to be heard and have a good education

What are the aims of Charities & Pressure Groups?

-Improving equality -Improving treatments and conditions for prisoners -Reducing unnecessary imprisonment -Delivering social justice by positively changing lives and preventing crime

What is the funding for Charities & Pressure Groups?

-Rely on public, volunatary funding

What are the working practises of Charities & Pressure Groups?

Working with criminals at all stages of the CJS so they can get: -Housing -Justice -Health & Wellbeing

What are the strengths of Charities & Pressure Groups?

-Helps cut reoffending, which helps with social control -£50 million invested to support offenders with mental health issues

What are the weaknesses of the Charities & Pressure Groups?

-Media reporting has led to offenders being seen negatively, so it's hard to get donations -No media exposure lowers the chances of donations as people won't know about the charities -No government help, unless it supports them

How do Courts achieve social control?

-Attending court is a form of social control as it causes stress for people who are defendants, motivating them to not commit more crime. -Magistrates / Judges decide sentences which compel people to follow the law via punishment. -Individual / General deterrents motivate people to not break the law. -Links to control theories (e.g. containment).

How do Police achieve social control?

-Preventing crime and deviance -Arriving at scenes of crime -Building public trust -Using search / arrest warrants

How do Probation achieve social control?

-Not releasing high-risk offenders -Ensuring offenders stick to their contract -Preventing reoffending (recidivism) by providing rehabiliation methods

What are aspects of the Judge's role in a court case?

-Ensuring the trial is fair -Informing the jury on their role -Deciding on the sentence if defendants pleas guilty, or is decided to be guilty by the jury

What are features of financial penalties as a form of punishment?

-Most frequently given out punishment -Given for minor crimes such as driving violations -Provided a fine that must be paid

How do Defence Lawyers work with prisons?

Facilitate visits to their clients

How do Defence Lawyers work with the Police?

Represent clients in interviews

How do Defence Lawyers work with the CPS?

Evidence Disclosure Scheme