Absence of Cues

Question 1

When does retrieval failure occur?

Answer 1

When we don’t have enough cues to prompt us into recalling the information

Question 2

What is a cue?

Answer 2

Something which acts as a stimulus to trigger the recall of a memory

Question 3

What is context dependent retrieval?

Answer 3

Improved recall when the context (environment) is the same as where the information was remembered

Question 4

What is state dependent retrieval?

Answer 4

Improved recall when the state is the same in which the information was remembered

Question 5

How did Baddeley & Godden study context dependent retrieval?

Answer 5

8 deep sea divers asked to remember a list of words on dry land or underwater, this created 4 groups

Question 6

What were the 4 groups in Baddeley and Godden’s study?

Answer 6

1. Learnerd underwater - recall underwater
2. Learned underwater - recall on land
3. Learned on land - recall underwater
4. Learned on land - recall on land

Question 7

What were the findings of Baddeley and Godden’s study?

Answer 7

Recall was better when recalling in the same place where learning and occur. The best overall was land + land

Question 8

What were Baddeley and Godden’s conclusions?

Answer 8

Recalling information in the same environment in which it was learnt can aid recall

Question 9

What are 3 evaluation points?

Answer 9

• Real world application: apply to eyewitness testimony
• Limited ecological validity: environment familiar but task not
• Cannot control extraneous variables

Question 10

How did Carter and Cassaday study state dependent retrieval?

Answer 10

Participants give drug used for hay fever, they make participants slightly drowsy and this creates a state different from normal. Pps had to learn lists of word and passages of prose and then recall the information

Question 11

What were the 4 groups in Carter and Cassaday’s study?

Answer 11

1. Learned on drug - recall on drug
2. Learned on drug - recalled off drug
3. Learned off drug - recalled on drug
4. Learned off drug - recalled off drug

Question 12

What were the findings of Carter and Cassaday’s study?

Answer 12

Memory was significantly worse in the situations where there was a mismatch between internal stage at encoding and recall

Question 13

What were Carter and Cassaday’s conclusions?

Answer 13

Internal states can impact on recall. Even if it’s something seemingly negative, like being drowsy the same state can prompt recall

Question 14

What are 3 evaluation points?

Answer 14

• Real life application
• Cannot control extraneous variables
• Limited ecological validity