ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Only blood group system in which individuals already have antibodies in their serum to antigens that are absent from their red blood cells without any prior exposure to RBCs through transfusion or pregnancy
A
ABO blood group system
2
Q
Only blood group system that affects clinical transplantation
A
ABO group
3
Q
Antigen on the RBC determines the blood group ; corresponding antibody is never found in the individual’s serum ; the opposite antibody is always present in the individual’s serum
A
Landsteiner law
4
Q
Blood type percentage in population : 45%
A
Blood type O
5
Q
Blood type percentage in population : 40%
A
Blood type A
6
Q
Blood group percentage in population : 10%
A
Blood type B
7
Q
Blood group percentage in population : 5%
A
Blood type AB
8
Q
ISBT: 001001
A
Type A
9
Q
ISBT: 001002
A
Type B
10
Q
ISBT: 001003
A
Type AB
11
Q
ISBT: 001004
A
Type A1
12
Q
ABO Nomenclature (MOSS) : IV
A
TYPE O
13
Q
ABO Nomenclature (MOSS) : II
A
TYPE A
14
Q
ABO Nomenclature (MOSS) : III
A
TYPE B
15
Q
ABO Nomenclature (MOSS) : I
A
TYPE AB
16
Q
The _____ are found on the surface of red cells and the ______ are found in serum of plasma
A
Antigens ; antibodies
17
Q
It has been postulated that bacteria, pollen particles, and other substances present in nature are chemically similar to A and b antigens ; reacts at room or cold temperature ; cause rapid intravascular hemolysis
A
ABO antibodies
18
Q
Most frequently performed test in the blood bank ; both forward and reverse grouping must be performed
A
ABO grouping
19
Q
Aka direct / red cell typing ; using known sources of commercial anti-sera (anti-A, anti-B) to detect antigens on an individual’s RBC
A
Forward typing
20
Q
Universal red cell donor ; universal plasma receiver
A
Type O
21
Q
Universal plasma donor ; universal red cell receiver
A
Type AB
22
Q
AKA reverse / indirect typing ; detecting ABO antibody in the patients serum by using KNOWN reagent red cells
A
Backward typing
23
Q
Concentration of red cell suspension for backward typing
A
4-5%
24
Q
Reverse typing is not required in infant less than _____ old
A
4 months
25
Reverse typing is required for confirmation testing of labeled previously typed _______
Donor cells
26
Plant or animal extracts that agglutinates human red cell with specificity
ABO lectins
27
A lectin source
Dolichos biflorus
28
B lectin source
Griffonia simplicifolia (formerly Bandeiraea simplicifolia)
29
O lectin source
Ulex europeus
30
Arachis hypogaea
Anti-T
31
Glycine max
Anti-T , anti-Tn
32
Vicia graminea
Anti-N
33
Salvia hominem
Anti-Tn/Cad
34
Salvia sclarea
Anti-Tn
35
Glycosyltransferase and immunodominant sugar responsible for H antigen formation
A-2-L-fucosyltransferase ; L-fucose
36
Glycosyltransferase and immunodominant sugar responsible for A antigen formation
A-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase ; N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
37
Glycosyltransferase and immunodominant sugar responsible for B antigen formation
A-3–D-galactosyltransferase ; D-galactose
38
AHB genes do not actually code for the production of antigens but rather produce specific ______ that add sugars to a basic precursor substance
Glycosyltransferases
39
Sugars that occupy the TERMINAL positions of this precursor chain and confer blood group specificity
Immunodominant sugars
40
Antigen important for the formation of A and B antigens
H antigen (L-fucose)
41
Number of antigens in A cell
810,000 - 1,170,000 Antigens
42
Number of antigens in B cell
610,000 - 850,000 antigens
43
Number of antigens in AB cell
A= 600,000
B= 720,000
44
Number of antigens in O cell
Can’t be expressed (Amorph)
45
Precursor structure for the formation of A and B antigens
D-galactose - L-fucose
I
N-acetyl-glucosamine
I
D-galactose
I
Glucose
I
Ceramide
46
Terminal galactose on the precursor substance is attached to the N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 —> 3 linkage
Type 1 - secretions
47
Terminal galactose on the precursor substance is attached to the N-acetylglucosamine in a beta 1 —> 4 linkage
Type 2 - Red cell
48
The presence of the ABH antigens on the red cell membrane is controlled by the
H gene
49
The presence of the ABH antigens in secretion is indirectly controlled by the
Se gene
50
Refers only to secretion of A, B, and H soluble antigens in body fluids
Secretor
51
Blood type A ; ABH substance in secretion
A, H
52
Blood type B ; ABH substance in secretion
B, H
53
Blood type AB ; ABH substance in secretion
A, B, H
54
A test to determine secretor status
Agglutination-inhibition (neutralization)
55
Absence of agglutination in neutralization test indicates a
Positive result
56
Presence of agglutination in neutralization test indicates a
Negative result
57
Represent phenotypes showing weaker and variable serologic reactivity with the commonly used human polyclonal anti-A, anti-B, anti-A,B reagents
ABO subgroups
58
ABO subgroups differ in the ____ of antigen present on the red cell membrane
Amount
59
A subgroup : 80% of the population
A1
60
A subgroup : 20% of the population
A2
61
Antigen present in A1
A1, A
62
Antigen present in A2
A
63
Reaction of A1 to anti-A and anti-A1 lectin
Both positive
64
Reaction of A2 to anti-A and anti-A1 lectin
Positive ; negative
65
Differentiates A1 from A2
Anti-A1 lectin
66
Shows increased reactivity with anti-H lectin compared to A1 RBCS
A2
67
Decreased number of A antigen sites per RBC ; varying degrees of agglutination by human anti-A,B8 ; increased VARIABILITY in the detectability of H antigen, resulting in strong reactions with ant-H ; presence or absence of anti-A1 in the serum
Weak A subgroup
68
Can be utilized to subdivide A individuals into A3, Ax, Aend ,etc
Secretor studies, Adsorption-elution and molecular testing
69
Type of H antigen : LINEAR
H1 and H2
70
Type of H antigen : BRANCHING
H3 and H4
71
Blood type with greatest to least H antigen
O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
72
First reported by Brenden in 1952 in Bombay, India ; lacks normal expression of the ABH antigen
H deficient phenotype
73
First reported by Brenden in 1952 in Bombay, India ; lacks normal expression of the ABH antigen
H deficient phenotype
74
Bombay phenotype can be written as
Oh (BIG O, small h)
75
Forward typing
Anti- A : 0
Anti-B : 0
Anti-H : 4+
Reverse
A-cell : 4+
B-cel : 4+
O-cell : 0
Blood type : __
O
76
Forward typing
Anti- A : 0
Anti-B : 0
Anti-H : 0
Reverse
A-cell : 4+
B-cel : 4+
O-cell : 4+
Blood type : __
Oh
77
Gene : hh/sese
Glycosyltransferase : none
RBC Ag present : none
Presence of ABH substance : none
Antibodies present : anti-A, anti-B, anti-H
Bombay classification : ________
Classic Bombay
78
Gene : hh/Se
Glycosyltransferase : A &/or B transferase
RBC Ag present : weak to none
Presence of ABH substance : yes
Antibodies present : weak anti-H, anti-A/B
Bombay classification : ________
Para Bombay
79
Gene : weak variant hh/se
Glycosyltransferase : A &/or B transferase
RBC Ag present : weak
Presence of ABH substance : none
Antibodies present : anti-H, anti-A/B
Bombay classification : ________
H-partially deficient
80
group specific substances from other species
Witebsky substances
81
Witebsky Substance isolated from hog stomach
A-substance
82
Witebsky Substance isolated from horse stomach
B-substance
83
Can be used in the production of anti-sera ; removes interfering ABO antibodies
Witebsky substances
84
ABO discrepancy ; discrepancy between ________(Ag) and ________(Ab)
Forward and reverse
85
when ABO discrepancy is encountered, results must be recorded, but interpretation of the ABO type must be delayed until the ____________
Discrepancy is resolved
86
Group discrepancy: Unexpected MISSING reactions in REVERSE GROUPING due to weakly reacting or missing antibodies
Seen in: newborns, elderly patients, HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA, AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA, patients whose existing ABO antibodies may have been diluted by plasma transfusion or exchange transfusion (no or decreased antibodies)
Group 1
87
Rare group 1 ; Presence of TWO cell population in a SINGLE individual
chimerism
88
Group discrepancy: unexpected MISSING reaction in the FORWARD GROUPING due to weakly reacting or missing antigen
Seen in : subgroups of A(B) may be present, leukemias may yield weakened A or B antigen sites per, ACQUIRED B phenomenon will show weak reactions with anti-B sera, BGSS (blood group specific soluble substances)
Group 2
89
Neutralizes anti-sera
BGSS (blood group specific soluble substances)
90
Removes BGSS (blood group specific soluble substances)
Washing of red cells
91
Differentiates acquired blood type B from true blood type B
B lectin
92
Anti-B clone ES4 agglutination reaction to Acquired B and True B
+ AB ; - TB
93
Acidified or alkalinized Anti-B (pH >8.5 or <6.0) agglutination reaction to Acquired B and True B
- AB ; + TB
94
ACQUIRED B PHENOMENON
Treating RBCs with _________ re-acetylates the surface molecules, then markedly decreases the reactivity of the cells tested with anti-B
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
95
Group discrepancy: discrepancies between FORWARD and REVERSE groupings are caused by PROTEIN or PLASMA ABNORMALITIES and result in rouleaux formation or pseudo-agglutination
Seen in : elevated levels of globulin from diseases, multiple myeloma , waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, moderately advanced case of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, elevated levels of fibrinogen ; plasma expanders (Such as DEXTRAN and POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE), Wharton’s jelly in cord blood cells — INCREASED PROTEIN
Group 3
96
Group discrepancy: discrepancies between FORWARD and REVERSE groupings due to MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
Seen in : cold reactive autoantibodies, more than one ABO group due to RBC transfusion or BBMT, unexpected alloantibodies, unexpected ABO isoagglutinins
Group 4
97
Rare group 4 : refers to the inheritance of both AB genes from one parent carried on one chromosome and an O gene inherited from the other parent - OFFSPRING HAS ALL THE GENES (ABO)
Cis-AB
