Abnormals For Final Exam Flashcards
Barrel Chest
Equal Anterior to transverse diameter and the ribs are horizontal instead of the normal downward slope.
Associated with normal aging and also with chronic asthma and emphysema as a result of hyper inflation of the lungs
Pectus Excavatum
A sunken in sternum from the 2nd intercostal space to the junction of the xyphoid.
Is congenital. Can cause negative self concept.
Pectus Carinatum
A forward protrusion of the sternum with the ribs sloping back on either side.
Scoliosis
S shaped curvature in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Causes uneven shoulder and scapular height as well as unequal hip levels.
Kyphosis
A posterior curve of the thoracic spine (humpback) that causes pain and limited mobility.
Associated with aging. Tincher said found in teens as well.
Sigh
Occasional Sighs punctuate the normal breathing pattern and are purposeful to expand the alveoli. Frequent sighs my indicate emotional disfunction and can also lead to hypoventilation and dizziness
Tachypnea
Rapid shallow breathing. Increased rate greater than 24 per min.
Normal response to fever, fear, or exercise.
Rate can also increase with Pneumonia, alkalosis, pleurisy, and lesions in the pons.
Bradypnea
Slow breathing. A decreased but regular rate of less than 10 per min.
Can be caused by drug induced depression of the respiratory center in the medulla, increased intracranial pressure, and diabetic coma.
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
A cycle of respirations the gradually wax and wane in the regular pattern increasing the rate and depth and then decreasing. The breathing periods last from 30-45 seconds and then have periods of apnea for 20 seconds.
The most common cause is severe heart failure. Other causes are renal failure, meningitis, drug overdose, and increased intracranial pressure.
Occurs normally in infants and older adults during sleep.
Hyperventilation
Increase in both rate and depth. Normally occurs with extreme exertion or anxiety.
Occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis (kussmal respirations) hepatic coma.
Blows of C02 causing a decreased level in the blood.
Hypoventilation
An irregular shallow pattern caused by an overdose of narcotics or anesthetics. May happen with prolonged bed rest. Keeps in C02.
Chronic Obstructive Breathing
Person does not have time to fully expire. Causes air trapping… Due to increased airway resistance from chronic obstructive airway diseases.
Crackles
fine high pitched
Rhonchi
Coarse low pitched
Wheeze
whistling high pitched
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung.
Lobar Pneumonia
Infection that affects the alveoli by leaving them porous so that blood passes in and fills up lungs.
Produces crackles
Bronchitis
Effects the Broncholes.
Proliferation of the mucous glands in the passage ways resulting in excessive mucous secretions…causes inflammation and obstruction of the bronchi.
can be acute or chronic (chronic caused by smoking, cough greater than 2 years)
usually has productive cough
Can have crackles or wheeze
Emphysema
Stretched out alveoli (soggy boggy) loss of elastin and collagen caused by smoking
may have wheeze
Asthma
Bronchiole Spasm.
Hypersensitivity to pollen or irritants.
Increased airway resistance especially on expiration. Produces wheezes bilaterally
Pleural Effusion
Can be caused by cancers.
Is excess fluid in the intrapleural space with compression of overlying lung tissue.
Causes the leather sound. (rub, scratchy high pitched)
Heart Failure and lung sounds
Pump failure with increasing pressure of cardiac overload causes pulmonary congestion and increase amount of blood present in the pulmonary capillaries. Alveoli are deflated. Pulmonary capillaries are engorged. Bronchial mucosa may be swollen.
Produces crackles at the lung bases, and shortness of breath,
Pneumothorax
Caused by accident or trauma. Free air in the pleural space causes partial or full lung collapse.
Pulmonary Embolism
Starts in the legs, detaches and travels through the venous system to the lungs and lodges. (blood clot in the lungs)
Causes crackles, wheezes, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and hypotension.
Weak thready pulse
+1 hard to palpate, fades in and out
associated with decreased cardiac output, peripheral arteriole disease, and aortic valve stenosis
Full bounding pulse
+3 easy to palpate, pounds under your fingertips
associated with hyperkinetic states (exercise, fever, anxiety) anemia and hyperthyroidism
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Episodes of abrupt, progressive tricolor changes in the fingers in response to cold, vibration, or stress: 1. White from arteriospasm and resulting from deficit in supply 2. cyanosis from lack of bloodflow then 3. rubor from return of blood.
Lymphedema
is a high protein swelling of a limb most commonly due to breast cancer treatment.
Chronic arteriole symptoms
deep muscle pain, usually in calf, but may be in lower leg or dorsum of the foot.
feels like cramp
relieved with rest
at risk- people that smoke, have hypertension, diabetes, obesity
Chronic Venous Symptoms
found in calf and lower leg
aching, tiredness, feeling of fullness from prolonged standing and sitting
not relieved by rest
at risk- obesity, standing or sitting at work, pregnancy, heart failure
Arteriole- Ischemic ulcer
Shining-
Buildup of fatty plaques on intima (atherosclerosis) plus hardening and calcification of arterial wall (arteriosclerosis).
These ulcers are dry in nature
diabetes can cause these ulvers
Venous stasis ulcer
after acute deep vein thrombosis or incompetent valves in deep veins, causes increased venous pressure and brown pigmentation.
These ulcers are very weepy in nature.
superficial varicose veins
incompetent valves permit reflux of blood, producing dilated, tortuous veins. unremitting hydrostatic pressure causes distal valves to be incompetent and causes worsening of the varicosty
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Deep vein is occluded by a thrombus, causes inflammation, blocked venous return, cyanosis, and edema
Occlusions
Occlusions in the arteries are caused by atherosclerosis which is the chronic gradual buildup of plaque, calcification of the vessel wall, and thrombus formation.
risk factors- smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle.
Aneurysms
an aneurysm is a sac formed by dilation in the artery wall. Atherosclerosis weakens the middle layer of the vessel wall. This stretches the inner and outer layers and the effect of blood pressure creates a ballon like enlargement.
The most common site is the aorta
Risk factors- men older than 55 women over 70
Obesity
Uniformly round. Umbilicus suncken.
tympany sounds
Ascites
Single curve. Everted umbilicus. Bulging flanks when supine. Increase in abdominal girth
dull and tympany sounds
hypoactive bowel sounds
diminished or absent bowel sounds
Hyperactive bowel sounds
loud gurgling bowel sounds
Nocieptive Pain
somatic-Visceral
Somatic- dull, aching, localized, nocternal
Ex- postoperative pain, bone pain,
arthritis, sports injury, back pain
Visceral- Deep squeezing Pressure, Localized tenderness and reffered, not localized
EX- Liver metastases, Pancreatic
cancer
Neuropathic pain
Nerve pain-
Cancer Pain-
Dependant on underlying pathology
Reflexes
travel to spinal cord and back
Obesity-
due to caloric excess refers to weight more than 20% above ideal body weight or BMI of 30-39.
Maramus-
Protein calorie malnutrition- due to inadequate intake of protein and calories or prolonged starvation.
Kwashiorkor
Protein malnutrition- due to diets high in calories but low in protein. will have a big belly but not healthy
What lab levels are checked for malnutrition?
Pre-Albumin
Albumin
