Abnormalities in Sexual Reproduction

Question 1

Sex Determination

Answer 1

• sex chromosomes can be viewed in a karyotype,
• pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females
• Males have an X and a Y chromosome
  Females have a pair of X chromosomes

Question 2

Autosomes

Answer 2

all non sex chromosomes

Question 3

Other Types of Sex Chromosomes

Answer 3

temoerature: if eggs are warm- girl
age: turtle young male, old-female
social struture: large female fish turns male
ferlization: bess ferlized egg- female
ZW, ZZ: birds, ZZ MALE

Question 4

Factors Effecting Sexual Reproduction

Answer 4

• processes of meiosis and fertilization do not always go perfectly to plan
• random meiotic errors or enviormental

Question 5

Abnormal Meiosis

Answer 5

• entire chromosomes can be lost or gained by cells if the homologous chromosomes fail to separate in anaphase I or II of meiosis I or II
• meosis l (24, 24 ,22, 22)
• meosis ll (24, 22, 23, 23)

Question 6

non-disjunction

Answer 6

• one daughter cell having an extra chromosome and the other having a missing chromosome
• result in gametes with 24 and 22 chromosomes, not the expected 23
• zygote would have 47 or 45 chromosomes, not 46, after fertilization

Question 7

Karyotype

Answer 7

• used to observe Nondisjunction
• during cell divsion stages, chromosomes can be stained or photographed to be counted/ compared
• arranged according to number, size, shape, or some other characteristic

Question 8

Types of Non-Disjunction

Answer 8

Trisomy
- chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair

Monosomy
- chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair

Question 9

Non-Disjunction Disorders

Answer 9

• human genetic conditions are a result of non-disjunction
• Down syndrome is caused by 3 copies of the 21st chromosome
• extra chromosome means there is an excess of genetic information
• round full face, short stature, intellectual disabilities, poor immune function, etc.

Question 10

Non-Disjunction Disorders
examples

Answer 10

• tunner sydrome: one x, noy y sex chromoesome
• klinfelter: two x one y
• pautau: trosmy of chromosome 13
• edwards sydrom: trismony of chromosome 18

Question 11

pre-natal testing

Answer 11

• genetic disorders can commonly be diagnosed prior to birth

Question 12

pre-natal testing 8 weeks

Answer 12

• you can collect fetal cells
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) removes cells from the placenta for testing
• Amniocentesis involves the use of a syringe to collect cells from the amniotic sac for testing

Question 13

pre-natal testing 15-20 weeks

Answer 13

• 15-20 weeks, you can also do multiple marking screening
• assesses hormone levels in the mother’s blood to check for markers of increased risk of genetic conditions

Question 14

Problems with Fertilization

Answer 14

• Issues occurring with fertilization are much more common than chromosome abnormalities
• Approximately 10% of couples experience difficulty in conception

Question 15

causes for Problems with Fertilization

Answer 15

• Poor or reduced egg or sperm quality or quantity
• Blocked fallopian tube of the female
• Blocked epididymis or vas deferens of the male

Question 16

Assistive Reproductive Technologies (ARTs)

Answer 16

• increases reproductive success

Question 17

Artificial Insemination

Answer 17

• sperm is placed into the reproductive tract of a female though a process called intrauterine insemination
• sperm sample(fresh or frozen) is washed and concentrated and inserted directly into the uterus
• This technique has also been used save endangered species, i

Question 18

Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Answer 18

• Hormones treatments are given to the woman to increase egg production
• Those eggs are retrieved though a minor procedure
• Fertilization occurs outside the body using a sample from the male, and the embryo is then implanted in the uterus