Abnormal Movements (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of classifications for movement disorders?

A

hypokinetic or hyperkinetic

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2
Q

What does hypokinetic mean?

A

-purposeful, voluntary decreased movement
-slow movement, aka bradykinesia
-rigidity

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3
Q

What 2 diseases are commonly associated hypokinetic movement?

A

parkinson’s disease and MS

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4
Q

What does hyperkinetic mean?

A

-overactivity of basal ganglia results in increased involuntary movement
-can result in: tremors, myoclonus, dystonia, chorea, or tics

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5
Q

What is an example of a tremor disease that has hyperkinetic movement?

A

parkinsons disease

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6
Q

What is an example of a myoclonus condition that has hyperkinetic movement?

A

restless leg syndrome

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7
Q

What does myoclonus mean?

A

sudden, brief, and involuntary muscle contractions or jerks that a person cannot control

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8
Q

What does dystonia mean?

A

muscles contract abnormally

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9
Q

What is an example of a dystonia disease that has hyperkinetic movement?

A

wilson’s disease

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10
Q

What are some examples of chorea?

A

-huntington’s disease
-hemiballismus
-athetosis

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11
Q

What is an example of a tics disorder that has hyperkinetic movement?

A

tourette’s syndrome

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12
Q

What is the most common movement disorder?

A

tremors

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13
Q

What are tremors?

A

-involuntary rhythmic oscillating muscle movement
-non-life threatening
-tremors stop during deep sleep
-tremors increase with emotional stress
-may be neurological (stroke, TBI, drugs, neurodegenerative diseases) or idiopathic

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of tremors?

A

1) resting tremor
2) action tremor
3) essential tremor

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15
Q

What is a resting tremor?

A

-muscles are relaxed
-hands, arms, and legs may shake at rest
-may go away when patient engages muscles

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16
Q

Which tremor is the opposite of a resting tremor?

A

action tremor

17
Q

What are action tremors?

A

-occurs during voluntary movement (ex: flexion and extension of wrist or grabbing a cup)
-intention tremors (sub-class of action tremors) occur during visually guided movement toward a target
-seen with MS or cerebellar disease/dysfunction

18
Q

What is the most common type of tremor?

A

essential tremors

19
Q

What are essential tremors?

A

-typically bilateral head tremor (shaking head yes or no)
-severity depends
-can happen at any age but most common at 40-50 y/o
-50% of it is genetic (autosomal dominant) and the other 50% is idiopathic

20
Q

What is athetosis?

A

-slow, writhing movements
-typically affects hands and feet
-holding limbs together causes flowing movement of trunk
-can present dystonia-like features in fingers
-often occurs with chorea as choreoathetosis
-seen with huntington’s disease and cerebral palsy

21
Q

What is chorea?

A

-abnormal movement and gait
-rapid, random, involuntary, jerky movements
-affects entire body (most noticeable in the hands and limbs)
-movements move from muscle to muscle (appears dance like)
-often occurs with athetosis as choreoathetosis
-seen in huntington’s disease and (unilateral) hemiballismus

22
Q

What is dystonia?

A

-involuntary muscle contraction “super muscle spasm”
-fixed/repetitive twisting contracture
-can distort body part position and limit function
-can be mild or severe pain
-seen in Parkinson’s disease, Wilson’s disease, MS, cerebral palsy, stroke, and torticollis

23
Q

What is muscular rigidity?

A

-stiffness or inflexibility
-abnormally tight muscles
-increased muscle tone while at rest
-increased resistance to passive stretch
-underlying condition that leads to bradykinesia and/or dystonia

24
Q

What is hemiballismus?

A

-type of unilateral chorea (one arm or leg)
-involuntary violent, flinging of one extremity
-movements are wider and more intense than chorea
-flinging =ballistic
-typically self resolving several days to 6 weeks
-antipsychotic drugs help

25
What is the most common cause of hemiballismus?
lacunar infarct of subthalamic nucleus (note: symptoms are on the opposite side of infarct)
26
What is a lacunar infarct/stroke?
-an ischemic stroke of the deeper structures of the brain -caused by blockage of blood flow through the deep penetrating arteries that supply the basal ganglia -blockage is due to atherosclerosis-> tissue death-> creates cavities called lacunes -can be asymptomatic -most common cause is high blood pressure
27
What is the most common cause of lacunar infarct?
high BP
28
What is myoclonus?
-sudden involuntary jerking of a muscle or muscles -non-suppressible -sometimes have shock like sensation preceding twitch -ex: hiccups or restless leg syndrome
29
What is restless leg syndrome?
-sensorimotor disorder -nocturnal myoclonus -usually accompanied by paresthesias and sometimes pain in the upper or lower extremities
30
What are tics?
-rapid, repetitive movements like a twitch -no pain or paresthesia -uncontrollable urge to do the movement -will feel a brief relief after doing them -tics can be suppressed only for brief periods and with conscious effort
31
What is tourette's syndrome?
-condition of the NS -causes involuntary tics -2 types of tics: motor and vocal -begins around age 5-18 y/o -may become chronic or dissipate in adulthood
32
What are some examples of motor tics for tourette's syndrome?
-rapid blinking -shrugging shoulders -jerking arm
33
What are some examples of vocal tics for tourette's syndrome?
-humming -clearing throat -yelling -shouting swear words (coprolalia) -constantly repeating the words of other people (echolalia)
34
How is tourette's syndrome diagnosed?
clinical only! If patient has both motor and vocal tics that last at least a year
35
Tourette's syndrome often occurs with what disorders?
ADHD and OCD