ABE50 - MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION Flashcards
Meaning of the acronym PAES
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARDS
Meaning of acronym AMTEC
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center
PAES # for Guidelines on After-Sales Service – Specifications (use format xxx:year)
PAES 138:2004
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications (use format xxx:year)
PAES 118:2001
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for rice Mill- Methods of Test(use (use format xxx:year for ALL PAES)
PAES 215:2004
PNS/PAES # for Farm to Market Roads (Earth, Gravel, Bituminous, Concrete)
PNS/PAES 421:2009
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery-Sugarcane Planter-Methods of Test
PAES 160:2011
PNS/BAFS/PAES # for Design of a Diversion Dam
PNS/BAFS/PAES 229:2017
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery-Coconut Coir Decorticator-Specifications?
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery-Coconut Coir Decorticator-Specifications?
PNS/BAFS/PAES for General Irrigation Terminologies
216:2017
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery – Small Engine – Methods of Test?
PAES 117:2000
PAES # for Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow – Specifications
PAES 121:2001
It embraces the use of tools, implement and machines for agricultural land development, production, harvesting, and post-production processes. It includes three main power sources: human, animal and mechanical
Agricultural mechanization
Model of Mechanization which is motivated into increasing the level of mechanization in order to cultivate large agricultural lands with limited available manpower and take advantage of favorable agricultural commodity prices. Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia follow the USA model.
High land area to farmer ratio
Model of Mechanization which is motivated into increasing the level of mechanization in order to increase yields and cropping intensities to meet the growing demands for food and agricultural raw materials. South Korea, China, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines follow the Japanese model
Low land area to farmer ratio
Low land area to farmer ratio
Import substitution
Mechanization must result in more _______ at lower cost than the traditional method - to justify the equipment cost, divert displaced labor to more productive operations.
production
Mechanization must replace______ and energy efficiently – should be less than those required with the use of hand tools
time
Tractors, power tillers, irrigation pumps, harvesters and threshers increase _____________________.
cropping intensities
The grouping together of small parcels of land comprising a contiguous area and reforming the boundaries for the purpose of effecting suitable field shapes and sizes conducive to efficient operation of agricultural machinery, building access roads, field irrigation and drainage canals as well as allotting spaces for crop postharvest processing structures.
Land Consolidation
The grouping together of farms in an area (initially forming a minimum of 50-ha cluster) for synchronized farming operations from land preparationto harvesting in cooperation or contract with agricultural mechanized operations service providers for the purpose of making field operations efficient and thus, effect low cost, timely, and professional or high quality services to the benefit also of the farmers forming the cluster.
Farm Clustering
Country where there is reduction in human labor at rice production from 1050 hrs/ha to 300 hrs/ha
Japan
Level of mechanization where the operation is done with the use of non-mechanical power source such as man and animal.
Low Mechanization
Level of mechanization where *the operations are done with the use of mechanical power source with limited human intervention such as computerized machines or robots.
Full Mechanization
Year of passage of RA 8559 (The Philippine Agricultural Engineering Act of _____) an act regulating the practice of Agricultural Engineering in the Philippines which upgrade the practice of Agricultural Engineering profession in the country and accelerate agricultural modernization through adequate and well trained professional engineers.
1998
The oldest source of power in the farm
Human power
The greatest invention of man.
Wheel
Develops power of human working continuously under favorable conditions (good health, well fed, and favorable environment) (kW and 4 decimal places)
0.0746
The most efficient means of converting energy into mechanical energy compared to gasoline and diesel engines.
Electric motor
Maximum thermal Efficiency range of ICE?
36%
Average solar constant at an average earth-sun distance of 1.496x1011 m (in W/m2)
1368
It is the consistent inclination of earth’s axis of spin with respect to plane of its orbit (23.45 o)
Parallelism
Power that can be generated from the movement of masses of water. Movement in the form of kinetic energy can be converted into mechanical energy which can then be used to drive agricultural and industrial equipment
Hydro Power
Type of hydraulic turbine that has adjustable runner blades and may or may not have adjustable guide-vanes
Kaplan
Motion of air caused by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun and the rotation of the earth (Coriolis’ effect)
Wind
A double-axle machine powered by an engine ranging from 15 hp to over 100 hp.
Four-wheel tractor
Second major component of the tractor. It provides draft power through the wheels, rotary power through the PTO and lifting power through the hydraulic system.
Transmission System
Start a smooth delivery of power to the transmission. Interrupt power while the transmission gear ratio is being changed and interrupt power when the tractor is to be stopped
CLUTCH
Any physical soil manipulation which changes the structure of the soil, kills weeds, and rearranges dead plant materials
Tillage
Initial cutting, breaking and usually inversion of the soil. Implements used are moldboard, disc and chisel plows and subsoilers cutting the soil to a depth of 6” to 36”. Often referred to as plowing.
Primary Tillage
Subsequent breaking, pulverization and levelling of the soil making it ready for planting. Implements used are disc, spike-tooth and spring-tooth harrows preparing the soil to a depth of 3” to 6”. Often referred to as harrowing.
Secondary Tillage
Soil cut, lifted, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
Furrowslice
One of the oldest and most important agricultural equipment for land preparation. It cuts the soil to a depth of 6” to 18 “.
Moldboard Plow
Bend outward or sideward of the point of the share towards the unplowed land to make the plow cut the proper width.
Horizontal Clearance
Designed to plant seeds continuously in rows with row spacing greater than 36 cm
Row-crop drill planter
Designed to scatter the seeds uniformly over the surface of the field without definite rows and hills. Seeds are covered by harrowing.
Broadcaster
1st major part of a mechanical planter based on mechanical functions of a planter
Furrow Opener
2nd major part of a mechanical planter based on mechanical functions of a planter
Metering device
3rd major part of a mechanical planter based on mechanical functions of a planter
Seed delivery tube
4th and last major part of a mechanical planter based on mechanical functions of a planter
Furrow closer
When Agricultural Engineer calibrates a sprayer, he ________
measures and adjust its application rate
A machine that breaks the liquid droplets of effective size and distributes them uniformly over the surface or space to be protected, and regulates the amount of chemical solution to avoid excessive application that might prove harmful or wasteful
Sprayer
Primary factor that affects the performance of the sprayer.
Spray-particle size
It is a sprayer apparatus consisting of pressure source and controls and specifically employing an over-the-crop boom with automizer arranged to provide uniform coverage of the treated surfaces.
Boom sprayer
A field sprayer that is being carried at the back by means of a shoulder straps
Knapsack sprayer
A mechanical or thermal device that produces a liquid dispersion having a volume median diameter of less than 50 um.
Aerosol generator
An apparatus, which consists of a hopper, a metering unit, and a distribution device, that uses either gravity, centrifugal force, or pendulum action to spread granules to the surface of the entire area to be treated.
Broadcast spreader
A machine that cuts rice stalks and places them on a windrow where they are gathered and bound into sheaves and carried to a thresher.
Reaper
A machine that involves the combing the grain from the plant while the plant remain anchored.
Stripper harvester
A machine that detaches the grain from a panicle.
Thresher
A machine used in separating the kernels from the cob.
Sheller
The part of a rice thresher which encloses the threshing cylinder and allows the separation of the grains from the panicle.
Concave
A type of a mechanical thresher in which rice stalks are fed into the threshing chamber while the stalks are either mechanically- or manually-held during threshing operation.
Hold-on thresher
A type of mechanical rice thresher which detaches and separates the grains from the panicles by feeding the rice-in-stalks into the machine.
Throw in thresher
A type of throw-in thresher wherein rice-in-stalks are fed in between the cylinder and the concave and go directly out of the threshing chamber.
Throw in thresher
A type of throw-in thresher which moves the materials being threshed in a helical manner around the threshing cylinder.
Axial flow thresher
Factors affecting the power requirement of a rice thresher.
All of the above
It is the ratio of the weight of clean threshed grain to the grain input
Threshing recovery
The center to center distance between overlapping broadcast applications
Swath
A gas, a liquid, or a solid used to propel or transport chemical
Carrier
The amount paid for hiring equipment and operating services to perform a certain task.
Custom cost
The amount of any material applied per unit treated by a sprayer.
Application rate
A harvest residue discharged from cleaning devices of a combine
Chaffs
ASAE stands for __________.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
It is a factor which considers the physical condition, heart-beat ratio, and body weight of a person when operating a machine
Ergonomic factor
Ten-hectares of rice farm is to be harvested manually in 2 days using sickle (8hr/day). If the field efficiency is 80 % and the man-hour/hectare for harvesting is 60, how many persons will be needed to harvest the rice?
47 persons
It is the ratio of the heat released by the fuel of a heated air mechanical dryer to the theoretical heat available from the fuel.
Combustion efficiency
Commonly used threshing cylinder for axial flow rice thresher.
Peg-tooth
A centrifugal pump that develops a vacuum sufficient enough for atmospheric pressure to force the liquid though the suction pipes into the pump casing without initially feeding the pump to create suction.
Self-priming pump
A type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water.
Axial flow pump
This represents the interrelationship between capacity, head, power, NPSH, and the efficiency of the pump.
Performance curve
A type of pump with vanes or impellers rotating inside a close housing which draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces the water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing.
Centrifugal pump
A type of pump which combines some of the feature of both the centrifugal and axial pump and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes on the water.
Mixed flow pump
A period in drying process where drying takes place from the surface of the grain similar to evaporation from a free water surface.
Constant drying rate period
A period in drying process where drying rate depends on the rate of moisture diffusion from the middle to the surface of the grain.
Falling drying rate period
Rice milling operation where there is a removal of the hull from the paddy to produce brown rice.
Hulling
Rice milling operation where there is a removal of the bran layer from brown rice by scraping
Whitening
Percentage of endosperm in a Rice Paddy?
72
Percentage of hull in a Rice Paddy
22
The income from custom work, time and cost savings, value of yields, salvage value.
Benefits
This includes charges for the use of the machine; power, fuel and oil utilized; and labor used.
Costs
The width prescribe by the manufacturer.
Theoretical Width
The width of actual field work. It is usually obtained by dividing the width of the field by the number of passes/strokes of operation
Actual Width
Area over Time
Effective Field Capacity
The moisture content as a percentage of fresh weight of the sample.
Moisture content wet basis
The process of removing available water from the grains through evaporation by applying heated air.
Drying
The minimum number of hours required in testing rice thresher based on PAES
1
The maximum moisture content of grain to be used for testing mechanical thresher should not be more than _____?
24
It is the filling up of water in the pump to evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing.
Priming
Warranty for the construction and durability of mechanical rice thresher according to PAES standard shall be within _____ months after the purchased of the machine.
6
