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Anatomy: Block 3- Thorax and Abdomen > Abdominal Viscera/Vasculature > Flashcards

Abdominal Viscera/Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the free edge of the falciform ligament called?

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament of liver)

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2
Q

The alimentary canal is composed of what structures/organs?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, large intestines, rectum, anus

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3
Q

What is the relationship of the rectum to the peritoneum?

A

The rectum is below the peritoneum

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4
Q

From external to internal what are the layers of the alimentary tract components?

A

Serosa (visceral peritoneum), outer muscularis (longitudinal muscle fibers), inner muscularis(circular muscle fibers), submucosa, mucosa

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5
Q

From which embryological layer is the mucosa of the alimentary tract derived? The muscles?

A

Endoderm; splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

What are the two intrinsic nerve plexes of the GI tract? Where are they?

A

Myenteric- between the muscle layers

Submucosal- within the submucosa

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7
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the esophagus located?

A

posterior mediastinum

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8
Q

At what vertebral level is the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm? What passes through it along with the esophagus?

A

T10; Vagus nn.

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9
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm? What structures create this hiatus? What structures accompany the aorta through the hiatus?

A

T12; Right and left crus of the diaphragm; Thoracic duct and azygous v.

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10
Q

Through what does the inferior vena cava pass in the diaphragm? At what vertebral level?

A

Through the central tendon at T8

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11
Q

Where does all lymph from the abdomen pool?

A

Cisterna chyli

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12
Q

What are the five anatomic subdivisions of the stomach? Which of these acts as a sphincter?

A

Fundus, cardia, body, antrum, pylorus; pylorus is sphincter

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13
Q

What is the name of the internal folds of the stomach?

A

Rugae

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14
Q

What is the anatomical basis of GERD? Why can it be so dangerous?

A

The gastroesophageal junction isn’t a true sphincter, there if the left and right crus of diaphragm loosen, gastric acid can wash back up into the esophagus and can lead to adenocarcinoma in the distal esophagus

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15
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernias? Which is more likely to lead to gastric inversion?

A

Sliding and paraesophageal; paraesophageal

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16
Q

What is the term for the first part of the duodenum?

A

The bulb

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17
Q

What is the direction of the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

Descending?

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18
Q

Where does the common bile duct empty? Through what structure?

A

Distal end of 2nd part of the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?

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19
Q

Through what does the pancreas empty into the duodenum?

A

The main pancreatic duct empties via the major duodenal papilla, the accessory pancreatic duct empties via the minor duodenal papilla

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20
Q

What structure marks the end of the 2nd part of the duodenum

A

The major duodenal papilla

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21
Q

What is the direction of the 3rd part of the duodenum?

A

Transverse

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22
Q

What demarcates the boundary between the 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior mesenteric a and v crossing anterior

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23
Q

What is the direction of the 4th part of the duodenum?

A

Ascending

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24
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are secondary retroperitoneal?

A

2-4

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25
Q

Of the small bowel, what portion is jejunum?

A

Proximal 2/3

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26
Q

Which portion of the small bowel has a single arcade with long vasa recta?

A

Jejunum

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27
Q

What is the difference in the plicae of the jejunum and ileum?

A

Jejunum has high plicae, ileum has low plicae

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28
Q

From what layer of the GI tract are plicae projections?

A

Submucosa

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29
Q

What is the lymphatic structure within the villi on plicae circularis?

A

Lacteal

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30
Q

What are the specialized longitudinal muscular bands of the large bowel? How many are there?

A

Tenia Coli- 3

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31
Q

What are the individual sacs on the colon? What is there function?

A

Haustra- helps with propulsion and allows maximal water absorption

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32
Q

What are the fat lobules hanging from the large bowel?

A

Epiploic appendages

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33
Q

What is the first part of the colon? What does it contain?

A

Cecum; has the ileocecal valve and appendiceal orifice

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34
Q

What marks the turn from ascending to transverse colon?

A

The hepatic flexure

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35
Q

What marks the turn from transverse to descending colon?

A

Splenic flexure

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36
Q

At what point do tenia coli end?

A

The rectosigmoid junction

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37
Q

What is the mesentery of the appendix? What does it contain?

A

Mesoappendix; appendiceal a.

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38
Q

What is the most common position of the appendix?

A

Retrocecal ~64%

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39
Q

What also happens at approximately the level of the rectosigmoid junction?

A

Peritoneal reflection

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40
Q

True or false: the rectum is covered in serosa?

A

False- outside peritoneum

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41
Q

Where does the rectum become the anus?

A

The pelvic diaphragm

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42
Q

What provides sacculation of the rectum?

A

Rectal valves of Houston

43
Q

The pelvic diaphragm muscles contribute to what sphincter of the anus? The longitudinal mm?

A

Voluntary; involuntary

44
Q

What are the three components of the external sphincter?

A

Subcutaneous, superficial, deep

45
Q

What line divides the anal canal? What is the embryologic basic of this line?

A

Dentate/pectinate line- endoderm transitions to ectoderm

46
Q

What type of sensory fibers supply the anal canal above the dentate line? Below?

A

GVA above; GSA below

47
Q

What is the venous plexus above the dentate line? below?

A

Internal hemorrhoidal; external hemorrhoidal

48
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid salivary glands; liver, gallbladder, pancreas

49
Q

Blood enters the liver through what structures?

A

Hepatic artery; portal vein

50
Q

Through what does the gallbladder connect with the biliary system? What does it join with and what does that structure then become

A

Gallbladder connects to the common hepatic duct via the cystic duct, which then becomes the common bile duct

51
Q

What structures are included in the portal triad? In what structure are is the portal triad housed?

A

The proper hepatic artery, common bile duct, portal vein; all within the hepatoduodenal ligament of lesser omentum

52
Q

As the falciform ligament continues on the superior surface of the liver, what is the name of the ligament? What does that ligament then become?

A

Continues as coronary ligament with continues as left and right triangular ligaments

53
Q

What is the ligamentum teres hepatis a remnant of?

A

Umbilical vein

54
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

Area of the liver with no visceral peritoneum

55
Q

What liver lobe sits posteriorly and inferiorly adjacent to the IVC?

A

Caudate lobe

56
Q

What lobe sits between the falciform/round ligament and the gallbladder?

A

Quadrate lobe

57
Q

What drains the liver of blood? Into what do they empty?

A

The right, middle, and left hepatic vein. Empty to IVC

58
Q

Approximately what percentage of bile produced does the gallbladder store?

A

10%

59
Q

What stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin

60
Q

What is the medical term for gallstones? What can they be composed of?

A

Cholelithiasis; cholesterol or bile

61
Q

What structure sits in the C loop of the duodenum?

A

Pancreas

62
Q

Is the pancreas a peritoneal, true retroperitoneal, or secondary retroperitoneal structure?

A

2ndary retroperitoneal

63
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the pancreas? What part is most closely associated with the C loop of the duodenum?

A

Head, body, tail; head is within C loop

64
Q

What is the spatial relationship of the pancreas to the Superior Mesenteric a and v?

A

Pancreas lies anterior to SMA/V- a and v come out from underneath the pancreas and run over the duodenum

65
Q

What condition could result from significant weight loss and compression of the duodenum by the SMA/V? What symptoms would be associated with it?

A

Nutcracker syndrome; associated with postprandial pain and vomiting

66
Q

What is the Duct of Santorini?

A

The accessory pancreatic duct

67
Q

What is the Duct of Wirsung?

A

Main pancreatic duct

68
Q

What attaches the spleen to the bottom side of the diaphragm?

A

Splenophrenic and lienocolic ligaments

69
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Serves as lymphoid organ and blood filter- helps fight certain kinds of bacteria and encapsulated microorganisms; breaks down partially degraded blood cells

70
Q

Where do the ureters run?

A

Retroperitoneum

71
Q

What kind of organ is the bladder (in what cavity does it sit)?

A

True pelvic organ- below peritoneal reflection

72
Q

What paired structures sit on either side of the aortic hiatus

A

Adrenal glands

73
Q

From anterior to posterior what tissue layers surround the kidney?

A

Parietal peritoneum, pararenal fat, renal/Gerota’s fascia, perirenal fat,kidney, perirenal, transversalis fascia

74
Q

What attaches the spleen to the bottom side of the diaphragm?

A

Splenophrenic and lienocolic ligaments

75
Q

What is the pathway of the left renal vein?

A

Runs to the right crossing over the aorta immediately inferior to the point at which the superior mesenteric a. comes off the aorta

76
Q

Where do the ureters run?

A

Retroperitoneum

77
Q

What kind of organ is the bladder (in what cavity does it sit)?

A

True pelvic organ- below peritoneal reflection

78
Q

What paired structures sit on either side of the aortic hiatus

A

Adrenal glands

79
Q

From anterior to posterior what tissue layers surround the kidney?

A

Parietal peritoneum, pararenal fat, renal/Gerota’s fascia, perirenal fat, kidney, perirenal fat, transversalis fascia

80
Q

What vertebral levels are the kidneys?

A

T12-L5

81
Q

What major artery supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric a, respectively.

82
Q

What condition can result from significant weight loss and the compression of the left renal v by the superior mesenteric a.? What symptoms will present?

A

Nutcracker syndrome; left flank pain

83
Q

What is the spatial relationship of renal artery to renal vein entering the kidney hilum

A

Renal arteries are inferior to renal veins

84
Q

What is the path of the ureters?

A

Ureters cross under the gonadal vessels at the mid psoas, cross over the iliac vessels just below the pelvic brim, and cross under the uterine artery/ artery to vas deferens. In males the ureter runs postero-lateral to vas deferens

85
Q

What arteries supply the adrenal glands? From what arteries do each branch?

A

Superior Suprarenal aa. off inferior phrenic aa.; middle suprarenal aa off the aorta; inferior suprarenal aa. off the renal aa.

86
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right suprarenal v into the IVC, left suprarenal v. into the left renal v.

87
Q

What major artery supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric a, respectively.

88
Q

What supplies blood to the pancreas?

A

Celiac and Superior Mesenteric

89
Q

What branches come off the gastroduodenal a? What happens to the continuation of the a.?

A

Gives off anterior- and posterior- superior pancreaticoduodenal aa., continues onto greater curve of stomach as right gastroepiploic?

90
Q

The celiac trunk splits into what three arteries?

A

The common hepatic a., let gastric a., and the splenic a.

91
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply? What artery branches off of it?

A

Lesser curve of the stomach; esoophageal a.

92
Q

What arteries cross between the spleen and greater curve of the stomach?

A

Short gastric aa.

93
Q

What artery branches from the splenic a.? What does it supply?

A

L. gastroepiploic; greater curve of the stomach

94
Q

What is the first branch of the common hepatic a.? What is the c hepatic then called?

A

Gastroduodenal a.; proper hepatic a.

95
Q

What branches come off the gastroduodenal a? What happens to the continuation of the a.?

A

Gives off anterior- and posterior- superior pancreaticoduodenal aa., continues onto greater curve of stomach as right gastroepiploic?

96
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric a.?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal, middle colic, branches to small bowel, right colic, ileocolic aa

97
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric aa?

A

MArginal a of Drummond, Left colic a., sigmoid aa., superior rectal a.

98
Q

What connects SMA flow to IMA flow?

A

The marginal artery of Drummond

99
Q

What are the first branches off of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

100
Q

How many pairs of lumbar arteries branch off the aorta?

A

4

101
Q

What is the difference in the course of the gonadal arteries in men and women?

A

Ovarian arteries head straight off the aorta down onto ovaries; testicular arteries run through retroperitoneum and head anterior to deep inguinal ring and into the spermatic cord and out to the testicle

102
Q

At what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the aorta? What are the branches of the bifurcation?

A

L4; Common iliac arteries; usually a median sacral artery in the middle

103
Q

What are the branches of the common iliac arteries’ birfurcation?

A

external and internal iliac aa.

104
Q

What are the two venous systems of the abdomen?

A

The systemic/ caval venous system and the portal venous system

Anatomy: Block 3- Thorax and Abdomen (5 decks)

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