Abdomen

Question 1

Describe the location of the foregut and where pain is referred to

Answer 1

From the oesophagus to midway down the duodenum

Epigastric region

Question 2

Describe the location of the midgut and where pain is referred to

Answer 2

From midway down the duodenum to 2/3rds across the transverse colon

Umbilical region

Question 3

Describe the location of the hindgut and where pain is referred to

Answer 3

From distal 1/3rd of the transverse colon to half way down the rectum

Epigastric region

Question 4

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

Answer 4

Coeliac trunk

Question 5

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

Answer 5

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 6

What is the blood supply of the hindgut?

Answer 6

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 7

Describe the venous drainage of the midgut, hindgut and foregut to inferior vena cava

Answer 7

All drain into hepatic portal vein, portal vein splits into L and R branch which passes into liver. This drains to sinusoids and the sinusoids drain into the hepatic veins which drain into inferior vena cava

Question 8

What is the nerve supply to the foregut and where are the nerve roots?

Answer 8

Greater splanchnic - T5-T9/10

Question 9

What is the nerve supply to the midgut and where are the nerve roots?

Answer 9

Lesser splanchnic - T10-11

Question 10

What is the nerve supply to the hindgut and where are the nerve routes?

Answer 10

Least splanchnic - T12

Question 11

Where is McBurney’s point and what is it’s significance?

Answer 11

2/3rds the distance from the umbilical to the right anterior superior iliac spine - surface marking of the base of the appendix

Question 12

Describe the 3 flat muscles of the abdomen including direction of muscle fibres from most superficial to deepest

Answer 12

External oblique - largest, muscle fibres run diagonally downwards towards midline
Internal oblique - muscle fibres run diagonally upwards towards midline
Transverse abdominals - muscle fibres run horizontally

Question 13

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 13

A potential space between the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum surrounding the abdominal organs

Question 14

What is a retroperitoneal organ?

Answer 14

Structures that lie behind the peritoneum

Question 15

Name as many retroperitoneal organs as you can.

None - mark 1, 4 - mark 3, all - mark 5

Answer 15

Supraadrenal glands
Aorta
Duodenum

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
oEsophagus
Rectum

Question 16

What is an intraperitoneal organ?

Answer 16

Organs that have a mesentery and associated with anterior portion of the peritoneal cavity

Question 17

Name as many intraperitoneal organs as you can

None - mark 1, 4 - mark 3, all - mark 5

Answer 17

Stomach 
Appendix
Liver
Transverse colon
Jejunum
Ileum
Sigmoid colon
Spleen

Question 18

Where would you find the transpyloric plane?

Answer 18

Transverse plane located halfway between the suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis. Approximately at the level of the 9th costal cartilages

Question 19

Name the 9 regions the abdomen can be split into from R - L

Answer 19

R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac, R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar, R iliac, hypogastric, L iliac

Question 20

What is the origin and insertion of the external oblique?

Answer 20

O - Ribs 5-12

I - Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, linea alba

Question 21

What is the origin and insertion of the internal oblique?

Answer 21

O - Inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

I - Ribs 10-12, linea alba, pecten pubis

Question 22

What is the origin and insertion of the transversus oblique?

Answer 22

O - Iliac crest, inginual ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, costal cartilages 7-12
I - Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest, pecten pubis

Question 23

What is the nerve supply to the abdominal muscles?

Answer 23

T7-T11

Question 24

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominus?

Answer 24

O - Pubic crest and pubic symphysis

I - ribs 5,6,7 and xiphoid process

Question 25

What is the surface marking of the bifurcation of the aorta?

Answer 25

At the level of L4

Question 26

What is the function of the inguinal canal?

Answer 26

Allows the passage of the spermatic cord in males and round ligament in females through the abdominal wall