Abdomen Flashcards
Abdomen Anatomy
Abdominopelvic Cavity
1. Abdominal Cavity
2. Pelvic Cavity
Double-walled Membrane
-Parietal Peritoneum
-Visceral Peritoneum
Intraperitoneal includes the
• Stomach
• Spleen
• Most of small Intestine
• Cecum
• Transverse Colon
• Sigmoid Colon
Retroperitoneal includes the
• Duodenum
• Ascending Colon
• Descending Colon
• Pancreas
• Kidneys
Mesentary & Omentum
Peritoneal folds that support the organs in their position
Four Quadrants of the abdomen
RUQ(Right upper quadrant)
• Liver, GB, Hepatic Flexure
LUQ(Left upper quadrant)
• Stomach, Spleen, Splenic Flexure
RLQ(Right lower quadrant)
• Cecum and Appendix
LLQ(Left lower quadrant)
• Sigmoid Colon
Contrast media is used to…
Demonstrate digestive system
Structures seen without Contrast Media
• Stomach
• Intestinal Gas
• Kidneys
• Liver
• Psoas Muscles
• Bony Structures
Small Intestine
Centrally located
• Duodenum
• Jejenum
• Ileum
Large Intestine
Peripherally located
• Ascending Colon
• Transverse Colon
• Descending Colon
• Sigmoid Colon
• Rectum
Urinary System
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
Kidneys and their movement
Kidneys
• T12-L3
• Retroperitoneal
Movement:
• 1” with breathing
• 2” when moving from supine to erect position
Skeletal Structures
• Vertebral Column
• Pelvis
•Pubic Symphysis
• Femoral Heads
Musculature(muscles)
•Psoas Muscles
Typical Views of Abdomen
• AP Supine ((KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder))
• AP Upright
• Left Lateral Decubitus
3 View Abdomen/Acute Abdomen Series include
• AP Supine
• AP Upright
• CXR (Chest X Ray)
Imaging Considerations
Body Habitus
• 14 X 17 IR LW
Obese patients may require multiple images to demonstrate anatomy
• 14 X 17 IR CW x2
AP Abdomen (KUB) SID, IR, Positioning, Respiration, CR
-SID: 40”
IR: 14x17 LW
-Position:
• Patient supine
• Center MSP
• Support legs and ensure arms are not in the light field
• Arms away from light field
-Respiration: Suspend on Expiration
-CR: Perpendicular to MSP at the level of the iliac crests
AP Abdomen KUB Evaluation Criteria
-Area from pubic symphysis to upper abdomen
-Proper patient alignment
• Centered vertebral column
• Ribs, pelvis, and hips equidistant to edge
-No rotation of the patient:
• Spinous processes in the center of the lumbar vertebrae
• Ischial spines of the pelvis symmetric
• Alae or wings of ilia symmetric
-Exposure factors showing the following:
• Lateral abdominal wall and pro peritoneal fat layer
• Psoas muscles, lower border of the liver, and kidneys
• Inferior ribs
• Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Pneumoperitoneum is
the presence of air or gas in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. The most common cause of a pneumoperitoneum is a perforation/ disruption of the wall of a hollow viscus.
A bowel obstruction is
a condition where digested material is prevented from passing normally through the bowel
Air Fluid Levels
When obstruction occurs both fluid and gas collect in the intestine. Air rises above the fluid and there is a flat surface at the air-fluid interface.
AP Upright Abdomen SID, IR, Positioning, Respiration, CR
-SID: 40”
-IR: 14x17 LW
-Positioning:
• Patient upright
• Weight even on both feet
• Center MSP
-Respiration: Suspend on Expiration
-CR: Perpendicular to MSP and 2” above the iliac crests
AP Upright Abdomen Evaluation Criteria
• Diaphragm in its entirety
• Symphysis may not be shown
• Vertebral column centered
• No Rotation
• Ilia symmetric
• Spinous processes centered
Left Lateral Decubitus is performed when
patients can’t tolerate the upright position
During the Left Lateral Decubitus the gastric bubble should…
be down so that it does not mimic free air in the peritoneal cavity
Left lateral Decubitus SID, IR, Positioning, Respiration, CR
-SID: 40”
-IR:14x17:LW
-Positioning:
• Patient lies on Left side
• Elevate patient off the table with a pad/sponge
• Arms out of the light field
• Flex knees slightly
• Patient lies in this position for 5 minutes before the exposure is made
-Respiration: Suspend after expiration
-CR: Horizontal and perpendicular to the MSP to 2 inches above the iliac crests
Left lateral Decubitus Evaluation Criteria
• Diaphragm in its entirety
• Abdominal wall, flank structures
• No rotation
• Spinous processes centered
• Ilia symmetric
Right or Left Dorsal Decubitus SID, IR, Positioning, Respiration, CR
-SID: 40”
-IR:14x17:LW
-Positioning:
• Patient supine with side against Grid device
• Arms out of the light field
-Respiration: suspend after expiration
-CR: Horizontal and perpendicular to the MCP 2 inches above the iliac crests
Right or Left Dorsal Decubitus Evaluation Criteria
• Lateral projection of the abdomen
• No Rotation
• Superimposed Ilia
• Superimposed lumbar vertebrae
• Open intervertebral foramina
• Diaphragm included
Ascites
Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity
Ileus
Inability of the intestine (bowel) to contract normally and move waste out of the body
Pneumoperitoneum
the presence of air or gas in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity
Scout(Survey)
A preliminary image of the abdomen that is often taken with the patient lying supine for an AP projection
