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5th yr- DENTAIM > ABCDE > Flashcards

ABCDE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ABCDE approach

A
  1. A decision procedure
  2. treat as you find
  3. Cyclic reassessment
  4. Systematic
  5. Universal
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2
Q

What is the core principle of the ABCDE approach

A

Treat as you find

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3
Q

When is the ABCDE approach used

A

As an assessment for an acutely unwell patietn

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4
Q

What does ABCDE stand for

A 
Airway
Breathing 
Circulation 
Disabilty 
Exposure
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5
Q

What are the stages of checking airway

A
  1. Initial observation
  2. Aural inspection
  3. Visual inspection
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6
Q

How can visual observations be made

A

Either reported by the patient or observed buy the dental practitioner

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7
Q

How is a compromised airway reported or observed as

A
  1. Strange or uncomfortable sensation in the mouth, throat or chest
  2. Difficulty breathing
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8
Q

What can be the signs of a strange or uncomfortable sensation in the mouth, throat or chest

A
  1. Sudden hoarseness of voice
  2. Itching
  3. Burning
  4. Swallowing difficulty
  5. Chest tightening
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9
Q

Give examples of abnormal airway sounds

A
  1. Wheeze
  2. Stridor
  3. Cough
  4. Snore
  5. Gurgle
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10
Q

What causes wheezing

A

Inflammation or narrowing or the airway

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11
Q

What conditions can cause a wheezy airway sound

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  3. Anaphylaxis
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12
Q

What are the common causes of wheezing

A
  1. Infection
  2. Allergic reaction
  3. Physical obstruction
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13
Q

What should we do if we detect a wheezing sound

A

Treatment with bronchodilator (salbutamol)

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14
Q

What is stridor a sign

A

Blockage within the upper airways

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15
Q

When can stridor occur

A

Can occur at any phase of respiration and may be uni-basic or biphasic

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16
Q

How can identification of stridor be supported

A

With a bronchodilator (salbutamol)

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17
Q

What is a cough

A

Short explosive expulsion of air from the lungs

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18
Q

Why does our body cough

A

Aims to clear irritants from the always

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19
Q

What is coughing associated with

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Allergic reaction
  4. Infection
  5. Partial obstruction choking episodes
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20
Q

What can partial airway obstruction be caused by

A

A flaccid tongue and soft palate

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21
Q

What can increased airway turbulence be caused by

A

Can be caused by soft pallet to vibrate resulting in an audible snore

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22
Q

What can a snore suggest in an acutely unwell patient

A

May suggest that deterioration in the patients conscious level has impacted on their ability to protect their airway

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23
Q

When can gurgling be heard

A

May be heavy if liquids are present within the oropharyngeal airway, such as excessive saliva, vomit, blood or mucus

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24
Q

How can we assess breathing

A
  1. Pulse oximetry
  2. Respiration rate
  3. Peak expiratory flow (PEF)
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25
Q

How can we assess circulation

A
  1. Reported symptoms
  2. Heart rate and rhythm
  3. Blood pressure capillary refill times
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26
Q

What symptoms might a patient report of if their circulation is compromised

A
  1. Palpitations/ chest pain
  2. Peripherals affected
  3. Central pain
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27
Q

What are palpitations

A

Sudden awareness of a fast or irregular heart beat

28
Q

What can palpitations suggest

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

29
Q

What can a reported symptom of chest pain suggest

A

Cardiac ischaemia

Panic attack

30
Q

How can the peripherals be affected if circulation is compromised

A

Experiencing feeling of coldness and/or tingling in the limbs may be a sign of compensation in response to shock

31
Q

How can the central be affected if circulation is compromised

A

Patient may experience visual. auditory disturbances, dizziness and/or feeling faint

32
Q

How does the body accommodate changed in blood flow and oxygen

A

By increasing or decreasing heart rate as necessary

33
Q

When does our body normally lower our heart rate

A

Sleep

High physical fitness

34
Q

When does our body normally increase our heart rate

A

Physical exertion

Emotional stress

35
Q

Why does heart rate drop during sleep

A

In response to a drop in oxygen consumption in the resting state

36
Q

What can capillary refill time be used to assess

A

To assess perfusion status in addition to blood pressure measurements
or
as an alternative if blood pressure monitors are not available

37
Q

State a healthy capillary refill time

A

2 seconds

38
Q

What happens if the body is unable to meet the demands for blood flow and oxygen

A

It prioritises the body core with the aim to maintain perfusion to vital organs

39
Q

How does the body prioritise blood flow to the organs

A

Reduces blood flow to the peripheries

40
Q

What is blood pressure a measure of

A

Circulatory state

41
Q

What does Systolic pressure measure

A

Measures the force as the heart contracts

42
Q

What does the diastolic pressure measure

A

Measures try force when the heart relaxes and refills

43
Q

What is the systolic blood pressure used to assess

A

Assess perfusion status during acute illness

44
Q

What is a critically low systolic blood pressure

A

Less than 90 mmHg

45
Q

What can the possible inference be from a systolic blood pressure of less than 90mmHg

A

Critical cardiovascular collapse and risk of organ failure

46
Q

What is a very low systolic blood pressure

A

91-100 mmhg

47
Q

What can the possible inference be from a systolic blood pressure of 91-100mmHg

A

Signs of cardiovascular collapse

48
Q

What is a low systolic blood pressure

A

101-110 mmHg

49
Q

What can the possible inference be from a systolic blood pressure of 101-110 mmHg

A

Early signs of cardiovascular collapse

50
Q

What is a normal systolic blood pressure

A

111-219 mmHg

51
Q

What can the possible inference be from a systolic blood pressure of 111-219 mmHg

A

Circulation sufficient to maintain normal central and peripheral perfusion

52
Q

What is a high systolic blood pressure

A

more than 220mmHg

53
Q

What can the possible inference be from a systolic blood pressure of more than 220mmHg

A

Acute risk of ACS, stroke, kidney damage, eye damage and seizures

54
Q

How can we assess disability

A
  1. Capillary blood glucose
  2. AVPU
  3. Pain assessment
55
Q

When do we take capillary blood glucose

A

In EVERY acutely unwell patient

If hypoglycaemia, seizure or syncope is suspected

56
Q

What is a normal blood glucose level

A

4.0-8.0 mmol/L

57
Q

What is AVPU

A

A simple neurological assessment

58
Q

What does AVPU aim to do

A

Aims to identify what level of stimulus is required for a patietn to open their eyes and make an attempt to verbalise

59
Q

What does the AVPU scale stand for

A

Alert
Verbal
Pain
Unresponsive

60
Q

What stimulation is associated with an alert patient

A

None

61
Q

What stimulation is associated with a verbal patient

A

Loud voice eg shouting

62
Q

What stimulation is associated with a patient in pain

A

Touch or shaking

Pinching earlobe

63
Q

What do we use when taking a pain assessment

A

SOCRATES

64
Q

What does SOCRATES stand for

A 
Site
Onset
Character
Radiation 
Associated symptoms 
Time
Exacerbating factors
Severity
65
Q

How can we assess exposure

A
  1. Visual Inspection

2. Professional judgement review

66
Q

When is an exposure assessment useful

A

When you have an unclear working diagnosis, a working diagnosis of asthma/ hyperventilation/ acute cardiac ischaemia

67
Q

What must you obtain before carrying out a visual inspection

A

Patient consent

5th yr- DENTAIM (8 decks)

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