A3.2 Classification and cladistics

Question 1

A3.2.1 Classification is needed because of the immense _____ of species

Answer 1

Diversity

Question 2

A3.2.1 After _____ is completed, a broad range of further study is facilitated

Answer 2

Classification

Question 3

A3.2.2 Traditional hierarchy of taxa

Answer 3

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Question 4

A3.2.2 The traditional hierarchy of taxa does not always correspond to patterns of _____ generated by evolution

Answer 4

Divergence

Question 5

A3.2.2 NOS: a fixed ranking of taxa is arbitrary because it does not reflect the _____ of variation

Answer 5

Gradation

Question 6

A3.2.2 NOS: _____ offers an an alternative approach to classification using unranked clades

Answer 6

Cladistics

Question 7

A3.2.2 The change from traditional hierarchy of taxa to cladistics is an example of _____ that sometimes occurs in scientific theories

Answer 7

Paradigm shift

Question 8

A3.2.3 The ideal classification follows _____ relationships, so that all members of a taxonomic group have evolved from a _____

Answer 8

Evolutionary, common ancestor

Question 9

A3.2.3 Characteristics of organisms within a taxonomic group can be predicted because they are shared within a _____

Answer 9

Clade

Question 10

A3.2.4 The most objective evidence for placing organisms in the same clade comes from _____ of genes or _____ of proteins

Answer 10

Base sequences, amino acid sequences

Question 11

A3.2.4 _____ traits can be used to assign organisms to clades

Answer 11

Morphological

Question 12

A3.2.5 _____ estimates times at which clades diverged from a common ancestor

Answer 12

Molecular clock

Question 13

A3.2.5 The molecular clock can only give estimates because _____ are affected by the length of _____ time, the size of _____, the intensity of _____, and other factors

Answer 13

Mutation rates, generation time, population, selective pressure

Question 14

A3.2.6 Examples of using base sequences of genes or amino acid sequences of proteins to construct cladograms

Question 15

A3.2.6 NOS: Different criteria for judgement can lead to different hypothesis. Explain using parsimony analysis as an example

Answer 15

Parsimony analysis is used to select the most probable cladogram, in which observed sequence variation between clades is accounted for with the smallest number of sequence changes

Question 16

A3.2.7 Deduce evolutionary relationships, common ancestors, and clades from a cladogram

Question 17

A3.2.7 Describe the root, node, and terminal branch in a cladogram

Question 18

A3.2.7 A node of a cladogram represents a _____

Answer 18

Hypothetical common ancestor

Question 19

A3.2.8 Explain the transfer of plant species between families using the reclassification of the figwort family case study as an example

Question 19

A3.2.8 NOS: Theories and other scientific knowledge claims may eventually be falsified. Explain suing the example of reclassification of the figwort family

Answer 19

Similarities in morphology due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry suggested a classification that by cladistics has been shown to be false

Question 20

A3.2.9 In 1977, the revolutionary reclassification with an extra taxonomic level above kingdoms was proposed

Answer 20

?

Question 21

A3.2 Guiding Q: What tools are used to classify organisms into taxonomic groups

Question 22

A3.2 Guiding Q: How do cladistics methods differ from traditional taxonomic methods

Question 23

A3.2 Linking Q: How can similarities between distantly related organisms be explained?

Question 24

A3.2 Linking Q: What are some examples of ideas over which biologists disagree?